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3209 definitions 1
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nursing (as defined by ANA) | protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, & pop. |
| registered nurse | through completion of an associate degree or baccalaureate degree program |
| continuing education | involves formal, organized educational programs offered by universities, hospitals, state nurses associations, professional nursing organizations, and educational and health care institutions |
| in-service education | instructions or training provided by a health care agency or institution; designed to increase knowledge, skills, and competencies of nurses and other health care employees |
| advanced practice nurse (APN) | generally the most independently functioning nurse; has a master's degree in nursing; advanced education in pharmacology and physical assessment, and certification and expertise in a specialized area of practice |
| clinical nurse specialist (CNS) | an APN who is an expert clinician in a specialized area of nursing; speciality may be a setting, population, type of care, or a disease |
| nurse practitioner | provides health care to a group of clients, usually in an outpatient, ambulatory care, or community-based setting |
| certified nurse-midwife (CNM) | an RN who is also educated in midwifery and is certified by the American College of Nurse-Midwivesprovide independent care for women during normal pregnancy, labor, and delivery as well as care for the newborn |
| certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) | an RN with advanced education in a nurse anesthesia accredited program; provide surgical anesthesia under the guidance and supervision of an anesthesiologist |
| nurse educator | works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development departments of health care agencies, and client education departments |
| nurse administrator | manages client care and the delivery of specific nursing services within a health care agency |
| nurse researcher | investigates problems to improve nursing care and to further define and expand the scope of nursing practice |
| professional organization | deals with issues of concern to those practicing in the profession |
| National League of Nursing | NLN; advances excellence in nursing education to prepare nurses to meet the needs of a diverse population in a changing healthcare environment; sets standards for excellence and innovation in nursing education |
| International Council of Nurses | ICN, objectives parallel those of the ANA; promotion national associations of nurses, improving standards of nursing pracitce, seeking a higher status for nurses, and providing an international power base for nurses |
| professional standards review organizations (PSROs) | review the quality, quantity, and cost of hospital care (created by federal government) |
| utilization review committees (UR) | review the admissions, diagnostic testing, and treatments provided by physicans who cared for clients receiving Medicareintent was to identify and eliminate overuse of diagnostic and treatment services |
| prospective payment system (PPS) | eliminated cost-based reimbursement; one of the most significant factors that influenced payment for health care |
| diagnosis related groups (DRGs) | 468; group inpatient hospital services for Medicare; each group had fixed reimbursement amount with adjustments based on case severity, rural/urban/regional costs; and teaching costs |
| capitation | the providers received a fixed amount per client or enrollee of a health care plan; aim is to build a payment plan for select diagnoses or surgical procedures that consists of best standards of care |
| resource utilization groups (RUGs) | used in long term care; like DRGs |
| managed care | health care systems in which there is administrative control over primary health care services for a defined population |
| integrated delivery networks (IDNs) | include a set of providers and services organized to deliver a continuum of care to a population of clients at a capitated cost in a particular setting |
| primary care | health promotion is a major theme; where clients receive preventative care; schools, physician offices, occupational health clinics and nursing centers |
| acute care | also called secondary and tertiary care; more costly |
| work redesign | allows more services to be available on nursing units, thus minimizing hte need to transfer and transport clients across multiple diagnostic and treatment areas |
| case management model of care | a case manager (usually nurse or social worker) coordinates the efforts of all disciplines to acheive the most efficient and appropriate plan of care for the client; focuses on discharge planning |
| Discharge planning | begins the moment the client is admitted to a health care facility; nurse plays a large role |
| critical pathway | multidisciplinary treatment plan that outlines the treatments or interventions clients need to have while in the hospital fora specific condition or procedure |
| restorative care | goal is to help individuals regain maximal functional status and to enhance quality of life through promotion of independence and self-care |
| home care | provision of medically related professional and paraprofessional services and equipment to clients and families in their homes for health maintainance, education, illness prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, palliation and rehab |
| Rehabilitation | restores a person to the fullest physical, mental, social, vocational, and economic potential possible |
| extended care facility | provided intermediate medical, nursing or custodial care for clients recovering from acute illness or clients with chronic illnesses or disabilities |
| skilled nursing facility | offers skilled care from a licensed nursing staff |
| Minimum Data Set (MDS) | part of the RAI (Resident Assessment Instrument for nursing home) resident's background, hearing/talking/vision patterns; function and problems; behavior/mood; conditions; disease; meds and treatments |
| Respite Care | a service that provides short-term relief or time off for persons providing home care to an ill, disabled, or frail older adult |
| Adult Day Care Centers | provide a variety of health and social services to specific client populations who live alone or with family in the community |
| Hospice | system of family centered care that allows clients to live and remain at home with comfort, independence, and dignity while easing the pains of terminal illness |
| nursing sensitive outcomes | client outcomes that are directly related to nrusing care; have a major effect on client safety and quality of care |
| client-centered care | 7 dimensions that most effect clients' experiences with health care: respect values/preferences & expressed needs; coordinate and integrate care; inform, communication and educate; physical comfort; emotional support; involve family & friends; transition |
| nursing informatics | combines the best of computer science and information science with nursing science |
| data | individually distinct pieces of reality; ex: blood pressure of a client |
| information | when you organize, structure, or interpret data |
| knowledge | develop when you combine and identify relationships between different pieces of information |
| electronic health record (EHR) | replace traditional printed medical record and provides a comprehensive electronic record of client's medical problems, treatment, diagnostic procedures, and nursing care |
| globalization | make services more accessible, understand the needs of different cultures; improves availability of health care |
| vulnerable populations | children, women, and older are most threatened population by urbanization (increase of environmental hazards as cities become more dense) |
| health | a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (as defined by WHO) |
| health behaviors | (Positive) activities related to maintaining, attaining or regainined good health and preventing illness: exercise, immunization, good diet(Negative) harmful or potentially harmful to health: smoking, drugs, poor diet |
| health belief model | addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviorsprovides a way of understanding and predicting how client will behave in relation to their health and how they will comply with health therapies |
| health promotion model | directed at increasing a client's level of well-being; focus on 1individual characteristics and experiences 2behavior-specific knowledge & affect 3behavioral outcomes |
| basic human needs model | extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor in determining a person's level of health |
| holistic health model | create conditions that promote optimal health; consider clients the ultimate experts regarding their own health and respect their subjective experience as relevant in maintaining health |
| Primary Prevention | true prevention; precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy; health education programs; immunizations; fitness activities |
| Secondary Prevention | focus on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions; directed at diagnosis and prompt interventions; in hospitals or homes; screening to detect |
| Tertiary Prevention | defect or disability is permanent and irreversible; minimize the effects of long-term disease or disability by intervention directed at preventing complications and deterioration |
| risk factor | any situation, habit, social or environmental condition, phsiological or psychological condition, developmental or intellectual condition or spiritual or other variable that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident |
| health behavior change | understand the process of change to help patients do so; (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance stage) |
| illness | state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminshed or impaired compared with previous experience |
| acute illness | short duration and is severe |
| chronic illness | persists (usually longer than 6 months); can also affect function in any dimension |
| illness behavior | how people monitor their bodies; define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions; and use the health care system; when they are ill |
| caring | universal phenomenon influencing the ways in which people think, feel, and behave in relation to one another |
| Transcultural | (Madeleine Leininger perspective); concept of care as the essence and central, unifying and dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines |
| transformative | relationship between nurse and client; the caring moment influences both the nurse and client for better or worse |
| ethic of care | concerned with relationships between people and with a nurse's character and attitude toward others |
| presence | a person-to-person encounter conveying a closeness and a sense of caring; "being there" |
| comforting | involved in touch; nurse reaches out to client to communicate concern and support |
| spirituality | defined as an awareness of one's inner self and a sense of connection to a higher eing, nature, or to some prupose greater than oneself |
| self-transcendence | belief that there is a force outside of and greater than the person |
| connectedness | with oneself (intrapersonally); with others and the environment (interpersonally); and with God, the unseen or a higher power (transpersonally) |
| atheist | do not believe in the existence of Go |
| agnostic | believe that there is no known ultimate reality |
| spiritual well-being | concept with 2 dimensions; vertical supports the transcendent relationship between a person and God or higher power; horizontal describes relationship and connection with others |
| faith | cultural or institutional religion |
| hope | brought by spirituality and faith; attitude of something to live for and look forward to |
| spiritual distress | impaired ability to experience and integrate meaning and purpose in life through connectedness with self, others, art, music, literature, nature and/or power greater than oneself |
| appraisal | how people interpret the impact of the stressor on themselves, of what is happening, and what they are able to do about it |
| trauma | if symptoms of stress persist beyond the duration of the stressor |
| fight-or-flight response to stree | arousal of the sympathetic nervous system; reaction prepares a person for aaction by increasing heart rate; diverting blood from the intestines to the brain and striated muscles; and increasing blood pressure, respiratory rate, and blood glucose levels |
| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) | a three stage reaction to stress, alarm reaction, resistance stage and the exhaustion stage |
| endorphins | hormones that act on the mind like morphine and opiates, produce a sense of well being and reduce pain; secreted by hypothalamus |
| alarm reaction | rising hormone levels result in increase blood volume; blood glucose levels; epinephrine and norepinephrine amounts, heart rate, blood flow to muscles; oxygen intake and mental alertness |
| exhaustion stage | body is no longer able to resist the effects of the stressor and body has depleted energy necessary to maintain adaptation; body cannot defend itself |
| resistance stage | body stabilizes and responds in an opposite manner to the alarm reaction; hormone levels, heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output return to normal and the body repairs damage that has occurred |
| primary appraisal | evaluate an event for its personal meaning |
| secondary appraisal | if stress is present; focuses on possible coping strategies; balancing factors contribute to restoring equilibrium |
| coping | person's effort to manage psychological stress |
| ego-defense mechanism | purpose is to regulate emotional distress and thus give a person protection from anxiety and stress; helps a person cope with stress indirectly |
| distress | damaging stress |
| eustress | stress that protects health |
| post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | when trauma occurs its effects will sometimes last well after the traumatizing event ends; begins with an acute stress disorder |
| acute stress disorder | begins with a person experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with a traumatic event and responding with intense fear, helplessness or horro |
| flashbacks | recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event |
| developmental crises | a crises associated with changing developmental levels |
| situational crises | a crises associated with a new developmental stage such as marriage, birth of a child or retirement |
| visible culture | easily seen; dress, etc.. |
| invisible culture | less easily seen; value-belief system |
| subculture | represent various ethnic, religious, and other groups with distinct characteristics from the dominant culture |
| ehtnicity | a shared identity related to social and cultural heritage such as values, language, geographical space and racial characteristics; feel a common sense of identity |
| emic worldview | the insider or native perspective of any intercultural encounter |
| etic worldview | the outsider perspective of any intercultural encounter |
| enculturation | socialization into one's culture as a child |
| acculturation | process of adapting to and adopting a new culture |
| assimilation | results when an individual gradually adopts and incorporates the characteristics of the dominant culture |
| biculturalism | multiculturalism; occurs when an individual identifies equally with two or more cultures |
| cultural backlash | occurs when an individual rejects a new culture because experience with a new or different culture is extremely negative |
| transcultural nursing | comparative study of cultures to undertand similarities and differences across human groups |
| culturally congruent care | goal of transcultural nursing; care that fits the person's valued life patterns and set of meanings |
| culturally competent care | ability of a nurse to bridge cultural gaps in caring, work with cultural differences and enable clietns and families to achieve meaningful and supportive caring |
| ethnocentrism | tendency to hold one's own way of life as superior to others |
| cultural imposition | use own values and lifestyles as the absolute guide in dealing with clients and interpreting their behaviors |
| Hmong | refugees, originated from the mountainous region of Laos, believe that epilepsy or seizure disorder is caused by wandering of the soul |
| naturalistic practitioners | attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that causes alteration in the equilibrium of the human body; emphasizes use of naturalistic modalities including herbs, chemicals, heat, cold, massage and surgery |
| personalistic practitioners | believe that an external agent (can be human or nonhuman) causes health and illness |
| Culture-bound syndromes | illnesses that are specific to one culture ex: hwa-byung (korean women overwhelmed with financial and caregiving burden of their families/inlaws, etc.. experience fatigue, insomnia, heat, panic, etc..) |
| rites of passage | significant social markers of changes in a person's life; provides a view of the cultural meanings and epressions relevant to these transitions |
| parteras | attend childbirth in Mexicans |
| Hilots | attend childbirth; Filipinos |
| Ethnohistory | significant historical experiences of a particular groupex: Great Depression with older Americans |
| fictive | nonblood kin |
| bilineal | both mother's and father's side of the family; kinship |
| patrilineal | kinship limited to the father side |
| matrilineal | kinship limited to the mother side |
| Sabbath | Jewish; refrain from using electrical appliances |
| kosher | diet that avoids meat from carnivors, pork products and fish without scales or fins; Jewish |
Created by:
epedroza
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