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Muscular Seminar

Bio 3 Seminar

QuestionAnswer
What are the 3 types of muscles? Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Recognize the differences between the types of muscles Skeletal muscle tissue are striated (lines). Cardiac muscle cells have intercalated disc and are striated as well. Smooth muscle are spindle shaped
Where does the skeletal muscle contraction begins? At the neuromuscular junction
Explain each step of skeletal muscle contraction 1)Synaptic transmission 2)Excitation-contraction coupling 3)Sliding filament theory ans cross bridge cycle 4)Relaxation
Step 1- What happens in synaptic transmission? The action potential that reaches the axon terminal triggers the release of ACh into the synaptic cleft. ACh then binds to receptors and sends an action potential down to the T-tubules
Step 2- What happens in excitation-contraction coupling? The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) releases Ca2+, which binds to troponin. Troponin and tropomyosin change shape to expose binding on the actin filament.
Step 3-What is the sliding filament theory? What allows it? Sliding filament theory involves the sliding of thin filaments past the thick filaments until they completely overlapping. Cross brigde cycle allows it.
Step 3- What happens in Sliding filament theory ans cross bridge cycle -Cross-bridges between actin & myosin begin contraction. ATP binds to myosin. -Cross-bridges break, & myosin cocks its head to bind to another binding site. -Myosin heads pull on actin filament and returns to its OG state when ADP is released. -Repeat
Step 4- What happens in relaxation? Ache destroys ACh, which make Ca2+ reaccumulate in the SR. Linkages between actin and myosin to break and relax the muscle.
What are the 3 diseases associated with the muscular system? Rhabdomyolysis, muscular dystrophy and ptosis.
What is muscular dystrophy and the causes of it? Muscles getting weaker with time caused by a genetic mutation.
What is ptosis and the causes of it? Drooping eyelids and it's caused by damaged nerve that weakens the eyelid muscle.
What is rhabdomyolysis and the causes of it? It's the breakdown of the skeletal muscles and causes the releases of muscle cell (myoglobin) into the the blood stream. Caused by trauma, infections, drug usage, medication and genetic/metabolic disorders
What are the symptoms of muscular dystrophy? Clumsy movement, falling difficulty sitting, rising, walking...
What are the symptoms of ptosis? Difficulty closing eye, blinking and seing. Eye fatigue.
What are the symptoms of rhabdomyolysis? Muscle pain, red/brown urine, mucle weakness, fever, nausea, rapid heart rate
Rank the phyla of the muscular system seminar by order of complexity (simple to complex) 1) Cnidaria 2) Echinodermata 3) Annelida 4) Arthropoda 5) Platyhelminthes
Brief explanation of the muscular system of the phyla cnidaria Medusa, hydras. Epithelial cells containing contractible fibre acting as muscles. Muscles surroind cavity of skeleton to extend it and move.
Brief explanation of the muscular system of the phyla echinodermata Starfishes, sea urchins.
Brief explanation of the muscular system of the phyla annelida Earthworms. 2 types of muscles: circular and longitudinal. Circular allows contraction so that the worm stretches and becomes longer. Longitudinal allows contractions so that the worm becomes shorter. The 2 movements allow the transportation of the worm.
Brief explanation of the muscular system of the phyla arthropoda Terrestial and flying insects. 2 groups: direct and indirect.
What muscles does direct and indirect insect use? Direct: Elevator and depressor. Indirect: Dorsoventral and longitudinal.
What is the mechanism for contraction of direct and indirect muscles? [Direct] Contraction of elevator mucle moves wing upward. Contraction of depressor muscle moves wing downward. [Indirect] Contraction of longitudinal moves tergum upwards & wings downwards. Contraction of dorsoventral moves tergum down & wings upwards.
Brief explanation of the muscular system of the phyla platyhelminthes Flatworms. Mutliple types of muscles within skin of worm. There's circular muscle deep in epidermis, longitudinal muscle deep from circular layer, and vertical muscle across height of the worm. Pharyngeal muscle: digestion.
Created by: Malayka
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