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Higher Human 3.7

3.7- Immunisation

QuestionAnswer
How can immunity be developed by vaccinations? using antigens from infectious pathogens, so creating memory cells
What kind of antigens are used in vaccinations? The antigens used in vaccines can be inactivated pathogen toxins, dead pathogens, parts of pathogens and weakened pathogens.
What are antigens mixed with when producing vaccines? an adjuvant
What does an adjuvant do? An adjuvant is a substance which makes the vaccine more effective, so enhancing the immune response.
When does herd immunity occur? Herd immunity occurs when a large percentage of a population is immunised.
Why is establishing herd immunity important? Establishing herd immunity is important in reducing the spread of diseases
How does herd immunity effect non-immune individuals? Non-immune individuals are protected as there is a lower probability they will come into contact with infected individuals
What is the herd immunity threshold? the percentage of the population that has to be immune for her immunity to be established.
What can effect the herd immunity threshold? The herd immunity threshold depends on the type of disease, the effectiveness of the vaccine and the density of the population.
What is used to establish herd immunity? Mass vaccination programmes
Why might difficulties arise in mass vaccination programmes? Difficulties can arise when widespread vaccination is not possible due to poverty in the developing world, or when vaccines are rejected by a percentage of the population in the developed world
What is it called when pathogens change their antigens? Antigenic variation
Why does antigenic variation cause issue when establishing herd immunity? This means that memory cells are not effective against them.
What is an example of a pathogen that regularly undergoes antigenic variation and how is this overcome? Antigenic variation occurs in the influenza virus explaining why it remains a major public health problem and why individuals who are at risk require to be vaccinated every year.
Created by: mackas89
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