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Higher Human 3.6
3.6- Specific cellular defences against pathogens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are lymphocytes? | Lymphocytes are the white blood cells involved in the specific immune response. |
| What do lymphocytes respond too? | Lymphocytes respond to specific antigens on invading pathogens. |
| What type of membrane receptors do lymphocytes have? | Lymphocytes have a single type of membrane receptor which is specific for one antigen. |
| What does antigen binding in lymphocytes lead too? | Antigen binding leads to repeated lymphocyte division resulting in the formation of a clonal population of identical lymphocytes. |
| What are antigens? | Antigens are molecules, often proteins located on the surface of cells that trigger a specific immune response |
| What are the two types of lymphocytes? | There are two types of lymphocytes — B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. |
| What do B lymphocytes produce? | B lymphocytes produce antibodies against antigens |
| What does the production of antibodies lead too? | the destruction of the pathogen |
| What are antibodies? | Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that have receptor binding sites specific to a particular antigen on a pathogen. |
| What happens once antibodies are released? | Antibodies become bound to antigens, inactivating the pathogen. The resulting antigen-antibody complex can then be destroyed by phagocytosis |
| Can B- lymphocytes respond to antigens that are harmless to the body? | Yes |
| What is it called when B- lymphocytes respond to antigens that are harmless to the body? | an allergic reaction |
| How do t-lymphocytes destroy pathogens? | T lymphocytes destroy infected body cells by recognising antigens of the pathogen on the cell membrane and inducing apoptosis. |
| What is apoptosis? | Apoptosis is programmed cell death. |
| Describe the action of T-lymphocytes? | T lymphocytes attach onto infected cells and release proteins. These proteins diffuse into the infected cells causing production of self destructive enzymes which cause cell death. |
| After apoptosis how are the remains of cells removed? | The remains of the cell are then removed by phagocytosis. |
| What do we call it when T-lymphocytes respond to self-antigens? | autoimmune diseases |
| What happens during autoimmunity? | the T lymphocytes attack the body’s own cells. |
| What are some examples of autoimmune disease? | type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis |
| What do we call the cloned B and T lymphocytes that survive long-term? | Memory cells |
| How do these memory cells help an individual? | When a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs, these memory cells rapidly give rise to a new clone of specific lymphocytes. These destroy the invading pathogens before the individual shows symptoms. |
| What is the difference in response rates between primary response and secondary response? | During the secondary response, antibody production is greater and more rapid than during the primary response |
| What pathogen destroys T lymphocytes? | The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
| HIV cases the depletion of T lymphocytes, what does this lead to? | leads to the development of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) |
| How are people with AIDS affected? | Individuals with AIDS have a weakened immune system and so are more vulnerable to opportunistic infections. |
Created by:
mackas89
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