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Geology Exam1
Plate tectonics, earthquakes volcanoes, geologic time
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Solar Nebula Theory? | A cloud of H+ and He gas condensed into planets and a sun. Fission in the sun and planets created heavier minerals. |
| What are the 4 spheres? | Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, and Atmosphere. |
| Geosphere | The largest of the four spheres. The geosphere is considered that portion of the Earth system that includes the Earth's interior, rocks and minerals, landforms and the processes that shape the Earth's surface. |
| Hydrosphere | All water: clouds, rivers, oceans, ground water, water contained in plants and animals. |
| Biosphere | All Life. |
| Atmosphere | Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Topopause, and Toposphere. |
| Ionosphere | The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. |
| Inner Core | Inner Core is Solid Fe and Ni, and is 1,216 km thick. |
| Outer Core | Outer core is liquid Fe and Ni, and is 2270 km thick. |
| Mantle | 80% of the earth by volume is mantle, made up of ultra mafic rocks and is 2,885 km thick. |
| Lithosphere | Cool rigid crust, upper mantle, and asthenosphere boundary |
| Crust Mantle Boundary | A chemical change from felsic or mafic rocks to ultramafic rocks |
| Asthenosphere | Hot slow flow upper mantle. Lies between the upper mantle/crust and lower mantle. |
| Crust | A combination of oceanic (Mafic rock) and continental (Felsic Rock) crust with some solid upper mantle attached. The crust ranges for 5-40 km thick. |
| Convergent Plate Boundary | Constructive (Mid Ocean Ridges) |
| Divergent Plate Boundary | Destructive (Subduction Zones) |
| Transform Plate Boundary | (Transform Faults) |
| Define Earthquake | The vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy. |
| Focus | Place underground where earthquake originates (hypocenter). |
| Epicenter | Spot on the surface immediately above the focus . |
| Scarp | Surface break (rupture) of fault that earthquake occurred on . |
| Seismograph | Instrument that records seismic waves . |
| Seismogram | Record of the Earth motion at the seismograph site. |
| P-waves | Compressional body waves, primary waves. Fastest - gets there first and travels between solids and liquids. |
| S-waves | Shear body waves, secondary waves. Slower - Do not travel through liquid. |
| Surface waves | Travel near the Earth's surface and cause the most damage. |
| Body waves | P-waves and S-waves. |
| Arrival time of P- and S- waves-The farther you are from the earthquake, the longer it takes for the earthquake waves to reach you. | |
| Travel time curves | The farther you are from the earthquake, the bigger the difference between the P-arrival and the S-arrival. |
| Three stations to locate | Epicenter lies at intersection of three circles with radius equal to the distance defined by the P-S time difference on the travel time chart. |
| Mercalli Intensity Scale | A subjective scale based on damage done by an earthquake in a particular location. |
| Richter Scale | Based on measuring the amplitude (size) of the largest wave recorded on the seismogram. Scale ranges from M 0 to M 9 and is logarithmic (increase of 1 on the scale means amplitude of ground motion is 10X greater). |
| Liquefaction | Stable soil acts like fluid due to shaking; no longer supports buildings etc. |
| Reverse Fault | Hanging wall moves up.Force pushing toward fault. |
| Normal Fault | Hanging wall moves down.Force pulling away from fault.Strike |
| Strike Slip Fault | Plates sliding past one another. |
| Deformation | Change in shape. |
| Stress | Force which causes deformation. |
| Strain | Deformation caused by stress. |
| Actual change of shape | The visible result of stress. |
| Plastic (ductile) deformation | Folding or bending. |
| Brittle deformation | Breaking or fracturing of rocks (faults). |
| Anticline | Layers curve upward in the shape of an A. |
| Syncline | Layers curve downward. |
| Dome | Oldest layers at the center of the dome. |
| Basin | Oldest layers on the outside of the Basin. |
| Temperature effects on rocks | Hot rocks (deep) bend easily (ductile), and cold rocks (near surface) break (brittle). |
| Pressure effects on rocks | High pressure (deep)- ductile, and low pressure (near surface)- brittle |
| Fast deformation | Brittle |
| Slow deformation | Ductile |
| Extrusive (volcanic) | Form at the surface, molten rock "pushed out" of the earth, cool quickly, fine-grained (small crystals). |
| Intrusive | Form underground. Molten rock "enters" rock from below and cools slowly. Creates coarse-grained (large crystals). |
| Mafic | (Lo Si ; Hi Mg, Fe; Basalt Ocean Crust) Lava flows more easily. Mafic lavas also let dissolved gas, and water out of the magma easily. |
| Felsic lavas | (Hi Si; Low Mg, Fe). Sticky and flows slowly. |
| Aa | Colder, slower moving flows. |
| Pahoehoe | Warmer, faster moving flows. |
| Obsidian | Glassy igneous rock. |
| Vesicular | Porous igneous rock from gas bubble. |
| Pyroclastics | ("fire fragment") - any fragments of volcanic rock ejected into the air |
| High Silica lava | Gooier, high viscosity. |
| Shield Volcanoes | Built of basaltic lava flows and a small amount of pyroclastic material. Has the shape of a broad dome (roughly resembles a warrior's shield). |
| Cinder Cones | Built of ejected lava fragments. Usually small (< 1000 ft high), have steep slopes, and often form near bigger volcanoes. |
| Stratovolcanoes | Composite volcanoes built of interbedded lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. |
| Fissure eruptions | Liquid flows (usually) from elongated fractures or cracks on the slopes of a volcano. |
| Calderas | Large bowl-shaped crater that form by the collapse of a volcanic cone after an eruption. |
| Tephra | Materials of all types and sizes that are erupted from a crater or volcanic vent and deposited from the air. |
| Lahars | Mudflows |
| Plutons | Magma bodies that don’t make it to the surface. |
| Stocks | Massive magma body that is not as big as a batholiths. |
| Batholiths | Giant magma body. |
| laccoliths | A sill that creates a upward dome. |
| Dikes | Vertical tubular magma structure. |
| Sills | Horizontal tubular magma structure. |
| Volcanic necks | Magma structure inside of a cinder cone. |
| Basalt Plateau | Gaint volcano over 100km. Gentle flow from large fissures. |
| Mesosphere | The mesosphere (from the Greek words mesos |
| Stratosphere | The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere. It is stratified in temperature, with warmer layers higher up and cooler layers farther down. This is in contrast to the troposphere n |
| Topopause | The border of the troposphere and stratosphere, the tropopause, is marked by where this inversion begins, which in terms of atmospheric thermodynamics is the equilibrium level. |
| Toposphere | The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor and aerosols. |
| Wadati-Benioff zone | A deep active seismic area in a subduction zone where water is being given off from the plate. |
| Hot Spot | A Mantle plume or small convective current that is not large enough to create a divergent zone. |
| Elastic Rebound | Tectonic forces cause bending of rocks(storage of elastic energy), then the accumulated force overcomes frictional force, and an earthquake occurs(movement along a fault, vibrations as earth bounces back) |
| Uniformitarianism | Physical processes of the earth that shape it today, shaped it in the past. |
| Principle of Original Horizontality | Layers of earth started out flat. |
| Principle of Superposition | Older stuff starts at the bottom. |
| Principle of Cross-Cutting. | A rock must be older than a thing that cuts into it. |
| Principle of Faunal Succession | Species lived in a recognizable order through time and relative ages can be deduced from their fossils. |
| Conformable Deposition | No lapse of deposition. Deposited without interuption. |
| Discomformity | Sedimentary layers parrallel to each other, but something missing. |
| Angular Uncomformity | Tilted layers with newer flat material on top. |
| Noncomformity | Sedimentary rocks atop igneous or metamorphic rock. |
| Correlation | Matching up rocks of similar age in different locations. |
| Uranium 235 daughter species is? | Lead (Pb) 206 |
| Carben 14 daughter species is? | Nitrogen 14 |
| Carben 14 dating is good to what time? | 100-50,000 years |
| Potassium/Argon Dating is good to what time? | 50,000-4.6 billion years |
| Uranium/Lead dating is good to what time? | 10 Milllion - 4.6 Billion years |
| Eons | Bigest and breaks down into Eras. 4 Eons Phanorozoic, Proterozoic, Archean, and Hadean. |
| Eras | Second bigest and breaks down into periods. The Phanorozoic eon breaks down into 3 eons the Cenozoic (mammals), Mesozoic (dinosaurs), and Paleozoic (marine inverts, amphibians, reptiles). |
| Pyroclastic Flow | Fine stuff bellowed out of a volcano associated with strata and caldara volcanoes. |
| Columnar Joining | Top of a lava flow cools quicker causing vertical cracking forming columns. |
| lapiili | Small balls formed by spinning drops of water collecting dust particles. |
| maar Volcanoes | Occur when the intruding magma/lava reaches the water table and flashes it to steam exploding all of the sediment out. |
| Xenolith | Rocks deep in the mantle carried up to the surface in a volcano. |
| Horst | Low area of a normal fault (a valley) associated with Graben the high area. |
| Graben | High area of a normal fault (peak) associated with the horst the low area. |
Created by:
paskadi
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