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AP Bio U6 Genes
Gene Expression and Regulation Unit 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Activator | any agency bringing about activation |
| Amino Acids | a set of 20 different molecules used to build proteins. |
| Anticodon | a trinucleotide sequence complementary to that of a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence |
| Base - Pairing Rules | the rule stating that in dna, cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine add in rna, adenine pairs with uracil |
| Cell Differentiation | The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function. |
| Coding Strand | the DNA strand whose base sequence is identical to the base sequence of the RNA transcript produced |
| Codon | A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid |
| DNA | The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism |
| DNA Ligase | An enzyme that closes nicks or discontinuities in one strand of double-stranded DNA by creating an ester bond between adjacent 3' OH and 5' PO4 ends on the same strand. |
| DNA Plymerase | a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules |
| DNA Replication | the process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated |
| Exons | The sequence of DNA present in mature messenger RNA, some of which encodes the amino acids of a protein |
| Gel Electrophoresis | a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size |
| Gene Expression | he process by which a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and proteins |
| Gene Induction | a molecule that regulates gene expression |
| Gene Repression | the switching off of individual genes whose products are needed to maintain the function of the cell such as the production of vital enzymes or cofactors. |
| Genetic Code | The instructions in a gene that tell the cell how to make a specific protein |
| Initiation | the beginning of transcription |
| Helicase | enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes |
| Homeotic Genes | any of a group of genes that control the pattern of body formation during early embryonic development of organisms |
| HOX Genes | a group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals |
| Hydrogen Bonding | interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons |
| Inducible Genes | a gene that is expressed in the presence of a substance (an inducer) in the environment |
| Introns | a portion of a gene that does not code for amino acids |
| Lac Operon | an operon or a group of genes with a single promoter that encode genes for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and other bacteria. |
| Lagging Strand | a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 5' - 3' direction |
| Leading Strand | a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 3' – 5' direction |
| Micro RNA (miRNA) | a small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. |
| Morphogenesis | the shaping of an organism by embryological processes of differentiation of cells, tissues, and organs and the development of organ systems according to the genetic “blueprint” of the potential organism and environmental conditions. |
| Mutation | A Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene |
| Nucleic Acids | an important class of macromolecules found in all cells and viruses |
| Okazaki Fragments | short sections of DNA formed at the time of discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during replication of DNA |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | a chemical reaction that molecular biologists use to amplify pieces of DNA |
| Protein | a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds |
| Regulatory Sequence | a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism |
| Elongation | a biological process where a biological entity is lengthened |
| Repressor | a protein that turns off the expression of one or more genes |
| Restriction Enzyme | an enzyme isolated from bacteria that cuts DNA molecules at specific sequences |
| Reverse Transcriptase | the process in cells by which an enzyme makes a copy of DNA from RNA |
| RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA) | Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes |
| RNAi | RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing is conserved biological response to double-stranded RNA that mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic & exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, regulates expression of protein-coding genes |
| Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) | Single-stranded RNA molecule (usually from 21 to 25 nucleotides in length) produced by the cleavage and processing of double-stranded RNA; binds to complementary sequences in mRNA and brings about the cleavage and degradation of the mRNA. |
| Small Regulatory RNA | an intriguing class of RNAs that (like riboswitches) do not encode proteins but have intrinsic roles as cellular regulators. |
| Start codon | The start codon is the initiation signal for translation that is found on a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand |
| Template Strand | the strand used by DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase to attach complementary bases during DNA replication or RNA transcription |
| Transcription | the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA |
| Transcription Factors | proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA |
| Transgenic Organism | one or more DNA sequences from another species have been introduced by artificial means |
| Translation | the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA). |
| Telomere | he end of a chromosome |
| Telomerase | An enzyme in cells that helps keep them alive by adding DNA to telomeres |
| Replication Fork | The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand. |
| Genetic Engineering | the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism |
| Termination | a biological process where a biological entity is being ended or completed |
| Stop Codon | a trinucleotide sequence within a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that signals a halt to protein synthesis |
Created by:
Micah Wixom
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