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AP Bio U5 Heredity
Heredity Unit5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Allele | one of two or more versions of a gene |
| Autosome | any of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes |
| Codominance | a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked |
| Continuous Variation | characteristics like weight or height, which change gradually. |
| Cross | the breeding of two parents with different genes that produce offspring that have characteristics of both parents |
| Dihybrid Cross | a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits |
| Discontinuous Variation | abrupt variation in which there are few or no intermediate forms. |
| Dominant | the relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive two versions of each gene from each parent. If the alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be expressed; it is the dominant gene. The effect of the recessive allele is masked. |
| F1/F2 Generation | F1 generation refers to the first filial generation of the offspring from the parents, while F2 generation is the second filial generation of the offspring, generated through inbreeding of F1 individuals |
| Genetic Counseling | What is the definition of genetic counseling in biology? A communication process that seeks to assist affected or at-risk individuals and families in understanding the natural history, disease risks, and mode of transmission of a genetic disorder |
| Genomic Imprinting | a form of epigenetic inheritance, whereby the regulation of a gene or chromosomal region is dependent on the sex of the transmitting parent |
| Genotype | an individual's collection of genes |
| Heterozygous | The presence of two different alleles at a particular gene locus |
| Homozygous | The presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus |
| Incomplete Dominance | a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele |
| Independent Assortment | how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop |
| Lethal Allele | alleles that cause an organism to die only when present in a homozygous condition |
| Linkage | The tendency for genes or segments of DNA closely positioned along a chromosome to segregate together at meiosis, and therefore be inherited together |
| Monohybrid Cross | a breeding experiment between P generation (parental generation) organisms that differ in a single given trait |
| Multiple Alleles | the term used to describe cases where more than two alleles of the same gene are present in the population |
| Non-Disjunction | the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes |
| Non-Nuclear Inheritance | offspring get DNA only from the male or the female parent |
| Pedigree Analysis | The study of an inherited trait in a group of related individuals to determine the pattern and characteristics of the trait, including its mode of inheritance, age of onset, and phenotypic variability. |
| Phenotype | an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type |
| Polygenetic Inheritance | the inheritance of traits that are determined by more than one gene. These genes, called polygenes, produce specific traits when they are expressed together. |
| Punnett Square | a table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given |
| Pure-Breeding | A group of identical individuals that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when intercrossed. |
| Recessive | a type of allele which will not be manifested in an individual unless both of the individual's copies of that gene have that particular genotype. |
| Segregation | describes how pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells |
| Sex Chromosome | a type of chromosome that participates in sex determination |
| Sex - Limited Traits | genes that are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing species but are expressed in only one sex and have no penetrance, or are simply 'turned off' in the other |
| Sex Linked Gene | a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome |
| Test Cross | a genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a corresponding suspected heterozygote to determine the genotype of the latter. |
| Trait | a specific characteristic of an organism |
| Meiosis | the formation of egg and sperm cells. In sexually reproducing organisms, body cells are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent). |
| Crossing Over | the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line. During the formation of egg and sperm cells, also known as meiosis, paired chromosomes from each parent align so that similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross over one another. |
| Crossover Frequency | the type of frequency that determines the rate at which crossover takes place between both homozygous and heterozygous crossovers |
| Fertilization | the union of two gametes |
| Synapsis | the pairing of homologous chromosomes, one from each parent, during early meiosis. |
Created by:
Micah Wixom
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