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AP Bio U2 Cell Struc
Cell Structure and Function Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Active Transport | the particles move across a cell membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration |
| Amphipathic | of or relating to a molecule that possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements, such as are found in detergents, or phospholipids of biological membranes. |
| Apoptosis | A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. |
| Aquaporin | integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane |
| Carrier Protein | a transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances |
| Cell Wall | specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant |
| Centrioles | a small structure made of microtubules which exists as part of the centrosome, which helps organize microtubules in the body |
| Channel Protein | a type of transport protein |
| Glcolipid | lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond |
| Glycoprotein | molecules that comprise protein and carbohydrate chains that are involved in many physiological functions including immunity |
| Golgi Apparatus | a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell |
| G-protein linked receptor | a family of receptor signal transducers which are involved in signalling pathways within cells |
| Hormone | chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body |
| Hypertonic | A solution that contains more dissolved particles (such as salt and other electrolytes) than is found in normal cells and blood |
| Hypotonic | a solution outside of a cell is called hypotonic if it has a lower concentration of solutes relative to the cytosol |
| Ion Pump | assemblies of integral membrane proteins, like ion channels, that modulate ion transport into and out of a cell or organelle, leading to generation of electrical signals. |
| Phospholipd | a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone |
| Phosphorylation Cascade | a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins |
| Pinocytosis | a process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells |
| Plasma Membrane | the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment |
| Plasmolysis | a typical response of plant cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress |
| Prokaryotic Cell | organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles |
| Protein Kinase | regulate the biological activity of proteins by phosphorylation of specific amino acids with ATP as the source of phosphate, thereby inducing a conformational change from an inactive to an active form of the protein |
| Quorum Sensing | the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density |
| Chloroplast | plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process |
| Communication | when one animal transmits information to another animal causing some kind of change in the animal that gets the information |
| Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | a cyclic mononucleotide of adenosine that is formed from ATP and is responsible for the intracellular mediation of hormonal effects on various cellular processes. — called also adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas |
| Cytoplasm | the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell |
| Cytoskeleton | a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement |
| Diffusion | process resulting from random motion of molecules by which there is a net flow of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| Electron Microscope | a technique for obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens |
| Endocytosis | a process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move |
| Exocytosis | the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid |
| Eukaryotic Cell | organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| Facilitated Diffusion | molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers |
| Flagella | hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of several types of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving |
| Isotonic | A solution that has the same salt concentration as cells and blood |
| Ligand | something that binds with a biological molecule to form a complex and produce some effect |
| Light Microscope | a biology laboratory instrument or tool, that uses visible light to detect and magnify very small objects and enlarge them |
| Lysosome | a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| Magnification | the increasing buildup of toxic substances within organisms that happens at each stage of the food chain |
| Membrane | the thin layer that forms the outer boundary of a living cell or of an internal cell compartment |
| Mitochondrion | membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions --- produce ATP |
| Necrosis | death of a circumscribed area of plant or animal tissue as a result of disease or injury |
| Nuclear envelope | a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells |
| Nuclear Pore | a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Nucleus | a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes |
| Organelles | specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells |
| Osmosis | the transport of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates two solutions of differing solute concentration |
| Passive Transport | movement of a solute from a region of high electrochemical potential on one side of the cell membrane to a region of lower electrochemical potential on the opposite side. |
| Phagocytosis | The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells. |
| Receptor | A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell. |
| Resolution | the ability to distinguish two objects from each other |
| Ribosome | a cellular particle made of RNA and protein that serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell |
| Rough ER | a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move. Proteins are assembled at organelles called ribosomes. |
| Second Messenger | small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins. |
| Selectively Permeable | its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others |
| Signal Cascade | a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus. |
| Signal Transduction | The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell. |
| Signal Transduction Pathway | involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to receptors located on the cell surface or inside the cell that trigger events inside the cell, to invoke a response |
| Smooth ER | meshwork of fine disklike tubular membrane vesicles, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that is involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids |
| Surface area : volume ratio | the amount of surface a structure has relative to its size |
| Transmembrane Protein | gates or docking sites that allow or prevent the entry or exit of materials across the cell membrane |
| Turgor | Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall |
| Vacuole | a membrane-bound cell organelle ---In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance |
Created by:
Micah Wixom
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