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Beatty

Chapter 6 - How Cells Harvest Energy

QuestionAnswer
The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. acetyl CoA
The conversion of pyruvate from glycolysis to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. alcohol fermentation
A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthase
The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work cellular respiration
involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis). cellular respiration
Energy-coupling mechanics that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H1) gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells. chemiosmosis
The metabolic cycle fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in this cycle complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. citric acid cycle
The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chains. The second major stage of cellular respiration. citric acid cycle
An enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule. dehydrogenase
A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, & the plasma membranes of prokaryotes. electron transport chain
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but that switches to fermentation when oxygen is absent. facultative anaerobe
The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid. glycolysis
The compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis. intermediates
A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a "Calorie." kilocalorie (kcal)
The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide. lactic acid fermentation
a coenzyme that can accept electrons during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism. The plus sign indicates that the molecule is oxidized and ready to pick up hydrogens; the reduced, hydrogen- (electron-) carrying form is NADH. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH)
An organism that only carries out fermentation; such organisms cannot use oxygen and also may be poisoned by it. obligate anaerobe
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction. oxidation
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. oxidative phosphorylation
Short for oxidation-reduction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction). Oxidation and reduction always occur together. redox reaction
The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation. reductiion
The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle). substrate-level phosphorylation
Created by: nicuxxrn
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