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Biology IB-Genetics
Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do these terms relate to DNA?Template, blueprint for life, double helix, a pattern : | they all represent the order of the code in the DNA molecule which represents the order of the codons, which represent the order of the amino acids in the new protein |
| Explain the Watson/Crick DNA model for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize.: | the model contains 2 strands of complementary Nucleotides. The sides of the strands are phosphate deoxyribose sugar and the molecules that hydrogen bond the strands together are nitrogen containing bases. the double stranded DNA forms a helix. |
| Include types of bonds between adjacent nucleotides and between nucleotides of complementary strands: | Nucleotides are bonded together with hydrogen bonds and phosphates and sugars are covalently bonded |
| What is Chargraff’s rule? | The amount of adenines equals the amount of thymines and the amount of guanines equals the amount of cytosines |
| What did Rosie Franklin contribute to the structure of DNA? | Through her xray chrystallography pictures of purified DNA she determined DNA is a double stranded molecule |
| DNA : Characteristics: | double strand, helix, in nucleus, holds the code |
| The monomer is a nucleotide. List the 3 parts of the nucleotide: | phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen containing base (A or T or C or G) |
| 2 functions of DNA: | serves to replicate DNA for mitosis and serves as the pattern for all proteins to be synthesized |
| What are DNA introns? | DNA that does not code for anything we know |
| What are DNA exons? | DNA that codes for our genes that are the blueprints for our proteins |
| how many nucleotides make a code/codon? | 3 |
| Transcription using . . . | codons (codons are degenerative, what does this mean?) One amino acid may have more than one codon |
| Replication (semiconservative: parent and daughter strands, what are complementary base pairs ? | A to T and C to G in DNA and A to U and C to G in RNA |
| What are complementary strands in the DNA structure? | Many nucleotides covalently bonded through phosphates and sugars that have another molecule of nucleotides hydrogen bonded to each nitrogen containing base ( A to T and C to G) |
| Central Dogma (List the 4 steps: step 1 step2 step 3 step 4) | DNA transcribes to RNA, RNA translates to protein |
| 3 types of RNA ( tRNA, rRNA, mRNA) Describe location and function, nucleotide parts | mRNA made in nucleus moves to the cytoplasm, serves as a pattern for our proteins on the rRNA.rRNA in cytoplasm reads the codon on the mRNA to make protein. tRNA obtains the amino acid that is read by the anticodon to the codon |
| Codon on mRNA | 3 nucleotides |
| Explain how the Anticodon of the tRNA is used in translation : | tRNA,a small molecule that attaches to ami a.s in the new polypeptide sequence the ribosome is synthesizing. transferRNA has a bonding site 4 the ami a. & a site that binds 2 the mRNA codon while the ribosomes RNA remove the ami a. the tRNA was delivering |
| Protein: Helicase | in the nucleus unwinds the double stranded DNA |
| Protein: Ribozyme | in the nucleus cuts out introns that are not made into proteins |
| Ribosome proteins | in the cytoplasm help the ribosome with translation |
| Proteins: DNA and RNA polymerse | in the nucleus proofread the new strands |
| Protein: Ligase | in the nucleus glues the molecules together with the correct bonds |
| 5 Characteristics of RNA: | strand, straight, ribose sugar, A, U and C and G, moves from nucleus to cytoplasm |
| How many different tRNA? | 20 |
| Deoxyribose carbons 1’ thru 5’ deoxy? (on what Carbon is the oxygen missing?) | carbon 2 |
| What Major macromolecule is an enzyme? | Proteins (polypeptides) |
| What is the monomer of the enzyme? | Amino acid |
| What is the function of an enzyme? | Speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the energy of activation |
| Describe function of each member of the Operon model: Operator | has a bonding site for repressor to turn off transcription |
| Describe function of each member of the Operon model: Repressor | bonds to operator to turn off protein synthesis |
| Describe function of each member of the Operon model: Promoter | has a bonding site for RNA polymerase so protein synthesis can take place (transcription and translation) |
| Describe function of each member of the Operon model: Inducer | bonds to repressor to stop repressor from turning off protein synthesis |
| Describe function of each member of the Operon model: Corepressor | bonds to repressor to turn protein synthesis back on |
| Describe function of each member of the Operon model: Regulator | is always on transcribing repressor to turn off genes |
| Cancer: characteristics: Oncogene | Gene that codes for a cancer protein |
| Cancer: characteristics: Protooncogene | pre cancer gene that is repressed |
| Cancer: characteristics: Operator | is where the repressor is bonded to turn off oncogene |
| Cancer: characteristics: Inducers | cigarette smoke, radiation, chemicals, fat, neurotransmitters produced while under stress |
| Cancer: characteristics: Corepressors | broccoli, fiber, healthy lifestyle, meditation, oxidizers (green tea) |
| Cancer: characteristics: Tumor suppressor gene | codes for the repressor protein |
| Mutations: types: Deletion | is leaving out a nucleotide |
| Mutations: types: Substitution | is changing one nucleotide for another |
| Mutations: types: Addition | is adding a nucleotide |
| Mutations: types: Stuttering | is making multiple copies of nucleotides |
Created by:
Cal56
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