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micro final! pcc
Micro final! yehaw!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a nucleocapsid? | A genome + a capsid |
| What is an enveloped virus ? are all viruses enveloped? | 1. An outter lipoprotein coat 2. nope |
| Where does the virus aquire the envelope? | from the host cell membrane (nuclear or cytoplasmic) |
| How does a virus gain entry into host cells? | By binding to specific receptors |
| How do we get rid of a virus? | Get rid of the infected cells!! |
| 2 broad classification for viruses | DNA and RNA |
| What are the 2 major parts of a virus | 1. Genome 2. Capsid |
| 2 types of receptors that can be found on host cells | 1. Neurotropic receptors 2. Dermatropic receptor |
| Spikes that help attach the virus to the cell | Envelope |
| 1. DNA viruses head where? 2. RNA? | 1. To the nucleus 2. To the cytoplasm |
| RNA viruses: where does the envelope or coat come from? | Cell membrane |
| DNA viruses: where does the envelope or coat come from? | Nuclear membrane |
| What is RNA polymerase? | Protein which directs both transcription and replication of the viral RNA genome |
| What is the difference between plaque forming units vs formation forming units? | Plaque forming units makes holes in the agar while formation forming units forms bumps on the agar |
| what is used by DNA viruses in order to replicate? | mRNA |
| What is used by RNA viruses in order to replicate? | RNA polymerase |
| How are retroviruses different from viruses? | Retroviruses have reverse transcriptase |
| What is reverse transcriptase? | RNA-dependent DNA polymerase |
| Retroviruses are also ____, which makes the different from regular viruses | Diploid (2 copies) |
| Retroviruses become _____ | Proviruses |
| What is a provirus? | when double stranded (diploid)-DNA copy enters the nucleus |
| Can you get rid of a provirus? | Nope, once it is there, it's there for life |
| Classic example of a provirus | HIV |
| How does the provirus, such as HIV, leave the nucleus of the cell? | It buds (creates an envelope) |
| Is there any damage to the host cell such as lysing during budding? | nope! |
| What happens to the budded provirus once it leaves the cell? | T4 helper cells attack it and then self destruct, taking the virus with them |
| So what is the problem? | You destroy more and more T4 helper cells, therefor becoming immuno-compromised |
| During every year of HIV infection you loose ___ of T4 helper cells | 10% |
| What are 2 factors that determines the aggressiveness of the HIV assault? | 1. How much did you get infected with in the first place (viable load) 2. You initial number of T4 help cells |
| HIV is a form of _____ | Leukemia |
| What are the two types of influenza viruses that cause epidemic human disease? | A and B |
| What is an antigenic drift? | A point mutation during viral replication which allows for variability |
| Why do we get new vaccines for the influenza virus every year? | Because of antigenic drifts |
| How many serotypes of avian flue? | approx 16 HA |
| Serotypes of influenza that have come from birds? | H5, H7, H9 |
| What is the best way to get different strains (antigenic drifts) of a virus? | Shoot it through a pig's system |
| Which influenza causes the most problems? | Type A |
| What did she say about influenza type C? | It's almost a wimp! worthless |
| What is the animal that is the most "dangerous" when it comes to antigenic shift? why? | Pigs, cause they can contract strains from humans and birds |
| Most severe and common type of influenza | Type A |
| Possible complications of influenza (2) | 1. Guillain barre' syndrome (GBS) 2. Reye's syndrome |
| This syndrome usually follows recovery or immunization to the disease | Guillain barre' syndrome |
| This syndrome usually occurs when a child (2-16) is recovering from influenza | Reye's syndrome |
| Which syndrome has a high mortality rate? | Reye's |
| Influenza vaccine contains what? | Several strains of inactivated A and B viruses |
| What does the nasal mist for influenza contain? | Several strains of attenuated A and B viruses |
| Rhinovirus: RNA or DNA | RNA (R for rhinovirus) |
| Rhinovirus aka? | Common cold |
| How many strains? | 110 |
| Rhinovirus: at what temp does it grow best? | 33 degrees C (temp of the nose) |
| Why does our cold seem to get better is we exercise or sit in a cold rink? | The nose is no longer at 33 degrees C |
| What plays a major role in our immunity for the Rhinovirus? | IgA |
| Coronavirus causes what? | SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) |
| Adenoviruses: DNA or RNA | DNA |
| Adenoviruses: how many human serotypes | 42 |
| Types 1, 2, 3, 5 of Adenoviruses cause what? | pertussis syndrome (not pertussi, just resembles it) |
| Adenoviruses: can cause what? What strain? is this the flue? | 1. Gastroenteritis 2. 42 3. Hell no |
| Adenovirus 36 is linked to what? | Adipose cells |
| Obese people have a higher incidence of what antibody? | Adenoviruses 36 |
| Potenetial danger for Adenoviruses | Some are oncogenic due to their DNA |
| Over 90 000 infants are hospitalized each year due to what? | Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
| What do we give someone who has RSV? | Immuno globulins (injected antibodies) |
| Meds given for RSV | Ribovarh |
| During their first RSV infection, infants can show signs of what? (2) | Bronchitis or pneumonia |
| Dammit, more SARS stuff: SARS cause what? What is thought to be the prime suspect for spreading the disease? | 1. Pneumonia 2. Masked palm civet (cute animal) |
| What is unique about the adenovirus? | One of the only viruses to cause a high fever |
| 11 strains of adenoviruses cause what? | Massive diarrhea |
| What virus can cause birds to get fat? | Adenovirus |
| T or F: You can get immunized RSV | False, not a vaccine, passive aquired |
| Polio: how many antigenic types? | 3 |
| Most polio infections are what gang? | Assymptomatic |
| How many cases of polio are paralytic? | 1-2% |
| What was the big scare linked to polio? | Paralytic polio means you spend your life in a lung machine |
| What type of vaccine is given for paralytic polio? | Trivalent vaccine |
| What are the 3 types of polio? | type 1 = Brunhild strain type 2 = Lansing strain type 3 = Leon strain |
| 2 types of trivalent vaccines | 1. Salk (IVP) 2. Sabin (OPV) |
| Which vaccine is given today? What is in it? | 1. IPV 2. Virus is inactivated |
| 1. How is polio spread? 2. Immunoglobulin to associate with polio? | 1. Fecal oral 2. IgA |
| Fifth disease aka? | Erythmea infectiosum |
| Fifth disease: Affect who? | Primarily children |
| Fifth disease: What type of rash is present and where? | 1 " slapped cheek" apperance or "lacy" 2. face |
| Fifth disease: this occurs in people with chronic anemia | Applastic crsis (aplastic anemia) |
| Fifth disease: If fetus contracts it, this can happen | Hydrops fetalis (spontaneous abortion) |
| T or F: Varicella is only spread from skin to skin contact | False, spread through respiratory droplets too |
| Varicella: DNA or RNA | DNA : double stranded |
| Since varicella is double stranded, it is a ____ | Retrovirus |
| Varicella is part of the ____ familly | Herpesviridae |
| Chickenpox is _____ | Dermatropic |
| This syndrome can manifest during recovery of varicella | Reye's syndrome |
| Where does varicella hang out for the rest of your life? Can it be reactivated? As what? | 1. Basal ganglia 2. Sure can 3. Herpes zoster |
| Herpes zoster aka | Shingles |
| Chicken pox is the causative agent for for what? | Shingle, herpes zoster |
| Is hepes zoster common? | Yep, 20% of the population is said to have had it |
| How would one spread shingles? | By scratching a lesion and it coming in contact with someone's eye or mucous membranes |
| Chicken pox and shingles can spread to the ___ | eye |
| T or F : shingles is actually less painfull than chicken pox | False!!! soooo painful |
| Polio is primarily a ___ ___ disease | GI tract |
| How much polio is there is the US | no new cases in forever |
| Reoviridae: etiologic agent? | Double stranded RNA virus |
| Reoviridae: REO means what? | Respiratory enteric orphan |
| Reoviridae: enters where? | Oropharynx |
| Reoviridae: original isolates obtained from where? (2) | Respiratory and intestinal tracts |
| Problem with Reoviruses | You can kiss someone with it and get massive diarrhea |
| Reoviridae: can stay viable for how long in sewage? | 3 months |
| Rotaviruses : spread how? problem for who? why? | 1. Fecal oral 2. Children 3. severe dehydration |
| Big cause of death for children in 3rd world countries | rotaviruses |
| Norwalk virus: How contagious? Spread how? Causes what? | 1. extremely!!! 2. Fecal oral 3. our friend, nasty diarrhea |
| Hep A aka, spread how? | 1. Infectious hep 2. fecal-oral |
| Hep A: recovery? consequences? | 1. Will resolve with time 2. You eat baby-food for 6 months and no alcohol for 1 year (liver( |
| Hepatitis targets what organ? | Liver |
| Hep B aka | Serum hep |
| Most causes for this type of hep are idiopathic | Hep A |
| This vaccine is recommended for travlers | Hep A |
| Hep A and B: which is RNA, which is DNA | Hep A = RNA Hep B = DNA |
| 80% of all hepatic cancer cases are due to what? | Hep B |
| Hep B: how many chronically infected world wide? | 350 million |
| You are more likely to contract chronic hep B when? | as an infant or ages 1-5 |
| Hep B is a | STD |
| What is in the hep B vaccine? | Surface antigen HBsAG |
| When you test for Hep B, what are you looking for? | Surface antigens HBeAg or HBcAG |
| Why does the vaccine have an 85% efficiency rate? | Because you are not exposed to an infectious agent, but to a surface antigen therefor your body may not create antibodies |
| T or F: The most common route to spread Hep C is through sexual contact | False, though it can be, blood to blood contact is how it is usually spread |
| 1. Serious liver disease that needs Hep B in order to replicate 2. Common in the US | Hep D...nope! |
| So, you need Hep ___ to get Hep ___ | B to get D |
| Virus second in frequency to the common cold in the US | Viral gastroenteritis |
| 3 forms of enteroviruses | 1. norovirus (norwalk) 2. Coxsackie virus 3. Echovirus |
| Coxsackie A viruses are aossiciated with ___ ___ whereas Coxisackie B are most frequently associated with ____ and ____ | 1. vesicular lesions 2. Myocarditis 3. Pleurodynia |
| Coxsackie virus can cause what? (7) exam | 1. Herpangina (white stuff in throat) 2. Pleurodynia 3. Aseptic meningitis 4. Myocardiopathy 5. Common cold 6. Diabetes mellitus 7. Hand, foot and mouth disease |
| Echoviruses can cause what? (4) | 1. Aseptic meningitis 2. Rash 3. Common cold 4. Gastroenteritis |
| Name 3 Arboviruses | 1. West nile virus 2. Dengue fever 3. Yellow fever |
| West nile virus, dengue fever and yellow fever are all what? | Arboviruses |
| How is west nile spread? | Musquitoes |
| Symptomatology for west nile virus | Most are asymptomatic but you can show flue like symptoms |
| Dengue fever is an infectious disease carried by what? | musquitoes |
| How many serotypes of dengue fever? | 4 |
| Who do we associate with dengue fever? Is it dangerous? why or why not? | 1. Elderly 2. very 3. gets in CNS |
| Yellow fever is caused by what? | Yellow fever virus, go figure |
| Where is yellow fever found? | Affrica |
| 2 phases in yellow fever. from which do you die? | 1. Acute 2. Toxic = death |
| Epstein-Barr virus is part of what family? | Herpesviridae |
| Epstein Barr virus can cause what 5 things? | 1. Infectious mononucleosis 2. Burkitt's lymphoma* 3. Nasopharyngeal carsinoma 4. Hodgkin disease 6. Hairy leukoplakia |
| Cell to associate with Mono or EBV | Downey cells |
| Where is burkitt's lymphoma found and what is it linked to? | Africa --- Malaria |
| EBV infects ___ cells and establishes a ___ infection. | 1. B cell 2. Latency |
| Hairy leukoplakia is found in who and where? | 1. Immuno-suppressed patients 2. Tongue |
| T or F: There is a cancer link with hairy leukoplakia | She says no... i thought taylor said yes |
| What is the atypical lymphocytes associated with EBV? | Downey cells (did I fool you?) |
| Cytomegalovirus is part of what family? | Herpes! yay! |
| What is the most common virus transmitted through the placenta? | CMV |
| CMV causes disease primarily in who? | 1. Unborn babies 2. Immuno-supressed |
| CMV has what major affect on HIV patients? | Causes blindeness |
| Why does CMV not cause blindness in non immuno-supressed people? | Our immune system keeps it in check |
| Is CMV a life long infection | Yes |
| CMV causes what specifically in HIV patients | Retinitis |
| Pavlov for rabbies | Negri bodies |
| 2 types of infection in rabbies | 1. Ascending : goes from PNS to CNS 2. Descending : goes to your eyes, glands, saliva and other organs |
| What determines the onset of symptoms of rabbies | How close the bite is to neural tissue |
| What can account for 50% of rabbies bites in the US | Bats... they are not cute, don't pet them |
| Why is the rabbies virus so devastating? | Because you don't make any antibodies therefor the virus is free to go nuts |
| What type of innoculation to you give someone who has been bitten? | Immuno-globulin... not a vaccine |
| Herpes simplex is part of what family? | Herpesviridae |
| Pavlov for herpes simplex | Lipschutz bodies |
| 3 types of herpes simplex we need to know and what they do | type 1 = oral cold sore type 2 = genital herpes type 7 = kaposis sarcoma |
| What test can we do to determine is someone has rabbies? | Test for negri bodies in the brain |
| Why is an active genital infection dangerous during the birthing process? | The sore can come in contact with the neonates eyes and go to the brain |
| The one good thing about getting herpes as an adult | It doesn't go to the brain |
| Is the herpes simplex a life long infection | of course |
| In neonates, herpes can present in one of 3 forms | 1. Cutaneous lesions 2. Genrealized infection (high mortality rate) 3. Encephalitis |
| Can type one herpes manifest anywhere on the body? | Sure... even the genitals and they eyes |
| Oro-facial herpes is present in what nerve? | Trigeminal |
| Herpes in the genital area is present where? | Sacral ganglia |
| How many diffrent strains of papillomaviruses are known to man? How many are considered to be STD strains? | 1. 100 2. 30 |
| Warts are what type of virus? | Papillomaviruses |
| HPV (human papillomavirus) can be devided into 2 groups | 1. Cutaneous HPV(these are called warts) 2. Mucosal HPV (these are called papillomas) |
| Mucosal papillomas can be found where? | Gentials, mouth, eye |
| Are HPV related to STDs common? | Yep! 6.2 million new infections per year in the US |
| How are woman screened or tested for HPV? Men? | 1. Pap smear 2. No test available |
| Can HPV cause cancer? | Yes but it is rare... very, very slow growth |
| The cell membrane of a fungus contains what? | Ergosterol |
| What do antifungal drugs target? | Ergosterols... maybe zymosterols too...i have no clue! |
| What is a mycelium? | the fungal body |
| What is a hyphae? | Filamentous projection that extend from the spore |
| A whole bunch of hyphae together make a what? | Mycelium! |
| Hyphaes can either be ___ or ____ | 1. Septate 2. Nonseptate |
| Penecilin comes from what? | Mold |
| Unicellular fungi are called what? | yeast |
| What is the reproductive body of fungi? | Spore |
| What is aspergillus spp? | Fungi that grows on crops |
| Aspergillus produces what? | Aflatoxins |
| The aflatoxins produced by aspergillus is associated to what? | Stomach cancer in affrica` |
| Name another fungi that grows on grain | Claviceps purpura |
| What is the fungus that grows on rye? (LSD) | Ergot of Rye |
| Ergot of rye is a what gang? | A fungus... very good |
| Most fungi are identified via what? (2) | 1. type of hyphae 2. Type of asexual spore formed |
| Yeast will grow in the same manner as what? | Bacteria |
| Is yeast a bacteria? | no! fungi, yeesh |
| T or F: The human body is very resistant to fungal infections | True |
| Name the yeast that is used for alcohol and bread | Sacchoromyces |
| 2 yeast species found in humans | 1. Candisa 2. Pityrosporum |
| Good yeast | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| Bad yeast | Candida (it's resistant to everything) |
| Fungi produce what? | Mycotoxins |
| What is dimorphism? | Microorganism that starts out looking like a fungus but ends up looking like yeast |
| Type of fungus that can be of cosmetic concern | Superficial mycoses |
| How would you test for fungus on the skin? | Use a wood lamp or do a KOH prep |
| How do you test for yeast? | Same as you would for bacteria |
| Why would you have dimorphism? | Due to temperature change or CO2 change... something like that |
| What causes pityriasis versicolor or tinea versicolor? | Malassezia furfur |
| The source for malsserizia furfur? | Mormal flora lipophilic yeast |
| What does a malsserizia furfur infection look like? | Drandruff like flaky patches on skin |
| malsserizia furfur is a what? | Superficial mycoses |
| A KOH test is what? | Skin scrapping test used to find superfical mycoses |
| What does hortaea (exophilia) weneckii cause? | Tinea nigra aka black yeast |
| Tinea nigra aka what? | Black yeast |
| Color of a tinea versicolor rash | Copper |
| Example of cutaneous mycoses aka what? | Ringworm Tinea |
| Is ringworm a worm? what is it? | nope! it's a fungus |
| Cutaneous mycoses aka what? | Dermatomycoses |
| What are the 3 things that make up tinea? | 1. Microsporum 23. Epidermophyton 3. Trichophyton |
| Signs of tinea (aka ringworm) | Irregular shaped ring on skin |
| Name systemic mycoses | 1. Histoplasma capsulatum 2. Paracoccidioldes brasiliensis 3. Coccidiodes immitis 4. Crytococcu neoformans |
| Word to associate with histoplasma capsulatum or systemic mycoses | Mississippi river (fever?) ... also ohio river fever but she had a kaniption about the mississippi |
| Hystoplasma capsulatum is a what? | Systemic mycoses |
| Coccidiodes immitis (coccidioidomycosis) aka | San Joaquin Valley fever |
| What type of fungus is coccidiodes immitis? | Dimorphic |
| Cyptococcus neoformas is found where? Affects what body parts? And targets who? | 1. worldwide 2. Lungs and brain 3. Immuno-comprimised |
| Candida albicans (and other species of cadida) are classified as what? | Opportunistic mycoses |
| Clinical conditions associated with candida | 1. Candiadaisis 2. Yeast infection 3. monilaisis 4. Thrush |
| Yeast infection are cause by what? | Candida |
| Mucocutaneous candidiasis | Thrus and perinal candidiasis |
| Yeast infection aka | Vulvovaginal candidiais |
| Diaper rash is caused by what? | Candida |
| Aspergillus species is classified how? | Opportunistic mycoses |
| Aspergillus produces what again? | Aflatoxins |
| Clinical condition associated with aspergillus | Allergic aspergillosis |
| Aspergillosis can affect where in the body? | Lungs**, CNS, bone, Heart, Kidneys |
| Can cause allergic reactions | Aspergillosis |
| Aspergillosis: found where? | In the soil |
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LrB
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