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Microbiology
Exam 01 - History of Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who was Hooke? | Invented the 1st microscope (2 lens compound mic), looked at plants and microorganisms |
| Who is van Leeuwenhoek? | 1. father of microbio 2. was rich guy in drapery business 3. from city of Delft 4. build his own microscope (200-300x) 5. did the most looking at & imaging bacteria & microorganisms |
| What is spontaneous generation? | Living matter can spontaneously arise from non-living matter - it was the general view of the word for ~1600years |
| Who is Redi? | the guy who disproved spontaneous generation for multicellular organisms |
| What was Redi's experiment? | Flies & maggots do not derive from rotten meat |
| How many years did it take before spontaneous generation was disproven for microorganisms? | ~200 years |
| Who is Louie Pasteur? | The guy who correctly reasoned/disproved spontaneous generation for microorganisms |
| What kind of experiment did Pasteur use to disprove spontaneous generation? | Swan neck flasks - which prevented bacteria from entering/growing in broth, even with air available |
| What else was Pasteur famous for? | Fermentation, pasteurization, immunization for rabies |
| What is fermentation? | Yeast converting sugars to alcohol in the absence of air |
| What is pasteurization? | killing unwanted microorganisms through heating |
| How is pasteurization done? | heat solution to 145 degrees F for 30 minutes |
| Is pasteurization a method of sterilization? | Nope |
| What is Jonathan Tyndall famous for? | showing bacteria was more common in dusty air than clean air (this paved the way for cleaner surgical rooms, etc) |
| What was Tyndall's experiment? | He burned hay, got contamination. found out bacteria had heat-resisting stages |
| What is Tyndallization? | "fractional sterilization" - method of sterilization developed by Tyndall that kills EVERYTHING (including endospores) - series of boiling w/incubation in between |
| How is Tyndallization performed? | 1. boil solution for 10 mins, incubate for 24 hr, repeat process 2 more times 2. boiling kills vegetative cells and at incubation times, endospores begin to turn into vegetative cells, next boiling kill 'em |
| Who is Cohn? | Dude that discovered endospores in plant material that were not killed by boiling, drying or radiation |
| What does endospore mean? | Endo - within; Spore - reproductive |
| How are endospores produced? | Mostly from soil |
| Describe the characteristics of endospores | 1. metabolically inactive 2. unable to reproduce 3. when environment gets better, they germinate back into vegetative cells |
| What is the lifecycle of endospores? | Vegetative cell -> older cell -> endospore; can germnate into a vegetative cell to begin a new life cycle |
| What happens to vegetative cells when the condition gets bad? | They develop endospore cells, and eventually become the endospore themselves |
| What are endospores resistant to? | 1. heat 2. radiation 3. drying |
| Which two genus(es) can endospores be found? | 1. Bacillus 2. Clostridium |
| What are some species of genus Clostridium? | 1. C. tetani (tetanus) 2. C. botulinum (botulism - food poisoning) 3. C. difficile (pseudomembranous colitis) 4. C. perfringens (gas gangrene) |
| Who was Koch? | Developed rules for showing a particular organism is the cause of a particular disease |
| What was the first bacteria that Koch discovered? | Bacillus anthracis (ANTHRAX) |
| Where does anthrax come from? | Cattle and sheep |
| What is pollen anthrax? | inhaling spores of the anthrax disease |
| What is Koch famous for? | Koch's 4 Postulates |
| What is Koch's 1st postulate? | specific organisms must be found in EVERY case of the specific disease, but not in healthy subjects |
| How can one disprove Koch's 1st postulate? | Found in healthy & diseased individuals: 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2. Staphylococcus aureus 3. Escherichia coli 4. Streptococcus pneumoniae 5. Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| How is Neisseria gonorrheae cultured and killed? | Gram negative cocci, grown on chocolate (blood heated up) agar, killed with penicillin |
| What is Koch's 2nd postulate? | organism must be ISOLATED from the disease host & grown in pure culture (in vitro) in the lab |
| How can one disprove Koch's 2nd postulate? | Viruses can't grow in pure culture: 1. Treponema pallidum (syphillus) 2. Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy) |
| What is leprosy also called? | Hansen's disease |
| Where do Mycobacterium leprae grow? | In armadillo foot pads |
| What is Koch's 3rd postulate? | organism from pure culture (in lab) must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy subject |
| How can one disprove Koch's 3rd postulate? | Neisseria meningitidis: when innoculated into mice, no disease found |
| How can one reproduce Neisseria meningitidis? | direct inoculation into the Central Nervous System |
| When organsims are grown in lab, there are genetic changes. What gets lost in the lab? | mechanism & pathogenicity |
| What is Koch's 4th postulate? | organism must be isolated again from the inoculated subject and again grow in pure culture |
| How can one disprove Koch's 4th postulate? | Anything that disproves Postulate #2 will disprove Postulate #4 as well |
| When was the golden age of microbiology? | Mid 1800's to early 1900's - that's when a lot of discoveries in microbiology |
| What does the prefix 'myco' mean? | Fungus-like |
Created by:
lophung
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