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Genetics 300 Ch. 3
Cell Cycle and Mitosis Sides
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Interphase | chromosomes are replicated but are not compacted or easy to see |
| Prophase | Chroms condense. each chrom possesses 2 chromatids X. Spindle develops |
| Prometaphase | nuclear envelope disintegrates. Spindle Microtubules attach to chromatids |
| Microtubules | Composed of tubulin subunits. each has a positive charged end at kinetochore and a negative end at centrosome. lengthen and shorten creating movement. |
| Metaphase | Spindle assembly checkpoint. Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate |
| Anaphase | Sister Chromatids ( X ) separate and move towards opposite poles ) ( - now daughter chromosomes |
| Telophase | Chroms arrive at spindle poles. Nuclear envelope re-forms and chroms relax. |
| Mitosis | created 2 cells with identical genomes. the separation of cytoplasm has variations and may not be identical |
| # of Chromosomes during Mitosis | Only during Anaphase when sister chromatids separate are their double the amount of chromosomes |
| Sexual Reproduction | creates genetic variation. shuffling of information, accelerates evolution, 2 processes ( meiosis and fertilization) |
| Meiosis | a 2n cell undergoes reduction division creating two n cells. each n haploid cell undergoes equational division dividing into four n cells. |
| Metaphase I of Meiosis | homologous pairs line up at metaphase plate |
| Anaphase I of meiosis | homologous chromosomes separate |
| interkinesis | in-between phase of Meiosis I and II. spindle breaks down chrom relaxes and nuclear envelope reforms ( not always the case) |
| variations of lining up during Metaphase I | variations occur according to whether they line up on the right side or left side - determines which gamete they will be apart of. |
| Metaphase II of meiosis | individual chroms line up at metaphase plate ( just as in metaphase of mitosis) |
| Anaphase II of meiosis | sister chromatids separate |
| 2 to the nth power | number of possible gametes. ex. if a cell has 3 homologous pairs then 8 (2 x 2 x 2) different combinations of gametes are possible |
| Cohesin | controls separation of chroms in mitosis (break down completely in anaphase) and in meiosis I ( partially breaks down during anaphase I to separate homologs) and in Meiosis II ( breaks down at centromeres separating sister chromatids) |
| Chiasma | cohesin along chroms arms holds homologs together. when it breaks down in Anaphase I, Shugoshin protects the cohesin at centromeres causing sister chromatids to remain together |
| Spermatogenesis | continuously occurs during reproductive like of male. the four n gametes (spermatids) mature into sperm. |
| Oogenesis | begins before birth. discontinuous.A female is born with primary oocytes arrested in prophase I. Suspension can last 30-40 years. |
| Flowering Plants | Through meiosis, the diploid 2n sporophyte produces haploid 1n spores which become gametophytes. Gametophytes, by mitosis, produce gametes that fuse during fertilization forming 2n zygote. Zygote becomes sporophyte though mitosis. |
| double fertilization | 1 sperm cell fuss with polar nuclei creating a 3n endosperm, the 2nd sperm fuses with the egg creating a 2n embryo |
Created by:
loveflyny
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