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DNA Stuff of Genes
Bio 2 Lecture 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is DNA and what is it composed off? | A nucleic acid composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous (NCHOP) |
| Who determined the structure of DNA? When? | 1953 by Watson and Crick |
| Function of DNA and where is it found? | 1) Stores genetic info 2) Found in nucleus, mitocondria and chloroplast |
| What are called the DNA monomers? | Nucleotides |
| What is the structure of a nucleotide? | 1) 5 carbon sugar DNA= deoxyribose 2) Nitregenous bases 3) Phosphate group |
| A and G are.. | Purines (double cyclic structure) (trick: Small name, big structure) |
| C and G are... | Pyrimidines (single cyclic structure) (trick: Long name, small structure) |
| Purine and Pyrimidines are.. | nitregenous bases |
| What are the base pairs for DNA and RNA | For DNA: A with T, C with G For RNA: A with U, C with G |
| What can you say about the ratio of A/T and C/G | Same amount of A than T and same amount of C than G. |
| What pairing is stronger? | C-G is stronger because it's binded with 3 H-bonds while A-T is only double-bonded |
| So what kind of bonds hold chains together? | H-bonds |
| What does antiparallel mean? | One strand is oriented 5' to 3' while the other is oriented 3' to 5' |
| What bond links monomers into a single chain? | Phosphodiester bonds |
| Recognize a phosphodiester bonds | slide 10 |
| So how does the backbone look? | Sugar/phosphate/sugar/phosphate |
| So what are the 3 facts that Watson and Crick used to deduce the structural arrangement of DNA? | 1) Complementary base paising- purine with a pyrimidine (A-T and C-G)held by H-bonds between 2 bases 2) 2 chains run anti-parallel 3) Sugar and phosphate form backbone with phosphodiester bond (di-ester= 2 sugars) |
| Who are the key contributors to identifying DNA as the heritable material? Name and what they figured out | 1) Frederick Griffith (Bacteria pick up DNA from environment, so transformation is bacteria) 2) Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (Heritable material MAY be DNA) 3) Hershey and Chase (Heritable material IS DNA) |
| So what did Frederick Griffith find out and how? | That harmless bacteria were able to take in DNA from dead pathogenic bacteria, making the living cells pathogenic. Conclusion: Transformation adds new pieces of DNA to live bacterial cells. HOW? Infected mice with strains of bacteria |
| So what did Avery, MacLeod and McCarty find out and how? | They repeated Griffith’s experiment using 99% purified cell extracts that were treated with enzymes to destroy the structure of the macromolecules. They proposed that DNA might be the heritable material. (but not 100% pure so doubt) |
| So what did Hershey and Chase find out and how? | They used bacteria, viruses and a blender to figure out that genetic material is DNA. |
| What is bacteriophage and what's its structure? | Viruses that infect bacteria. Composed of only DNA packed inside the capsule (head) and protein making up the outer coat |
| So what is in the outer coat and inside the head of bacteriophage? | Outer coat is 100% protein and the inside if the head is 100% DNA. |
| What does protein have that DNA doesn't and vice versa? That's how you can recognize DNA and protein apart :)) | Proteins contain sulfur, DNA doesn't. DNA contains phosphorous, protein doesn't. |
| What is the historical conclusion of what is the genetic material? [1] | Genetic information is able to move from one bacterium into another genetically “transforming” the recipient |
| What is the historical conclusion of what is the genetic material? [2] | When DNA was destroyed the “information particle” entering the bacterium failed to transform the bacterium. |
| What is the historical conclusion of what is the genetic material? [3] | Radioactive DNA, and not radioactive protein, was detected in bacteria exposed to radioactive viruses, which enabled virus to successfully reproduce inside bacteria |
| *DNA REPLICATION STARTS HERE* | slide 43 |
| DNA replication is... | semi-conservative |
| How does each DNA strand act? | They act as a template for building a new strand in replication |
| In general, how does DNA replication work witht the parent and daughter strands? | The parent DNA helix molecule unwinds, and two new daughter strands are constructed on each template, based on complementary base-pairing rule |
| How was it showed that DNA replication was semi-conservative? | They used 15 N isotope and gradient centrifugation (Basically, seperate DNA that was heavier from DNA that was lighter, N15 and N14 would be lighter than N15 and N15) |
| What are the 3 hypothesis Matthew Meselton and Franklin Stahl considered for DNA replication? See slide 55 for why they didn't work | 1)Conservative model 3)Semi-conservative mode 3)Dispersive model |
Created by:
Malayka
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