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A&P CHAPTER 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | Protons + Neutrons in one atom |
| Isotopes | Atoms with same atomic # but diff. atomic weight -Same # of Protons and Electrons -Different # of electrons |
| Unstable isotopes are ? | Radioactive (Emit energy or atomic fragments) |
| Molecules | When two or more atoms chemically combine |
| Compound | When two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements chemically combine |
| Molecular Formula | Depict the element present and # of each atom present in the molecule Ex. H^2 Molecule; H^2O Compound |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight) composed of elements |
| Elements | Composed of chemically identical atoms Most common elements; O,H,C,N |
| Atoms | Smallest particle of an element -Composed of subatomic particles |
| Proton | Carries (+) charge |
| Neutron | No electrical charge (Neutral) |
| Electron | Carries (-) charge |
| Nucleus | Composed Protons +Neutrons Electrons move around the nucleus |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom *Equals to the number of electrons |
| Chemical bonding | Bonds from when atoms combine |
| Bonding atoms Rules | -1ST shell can hold 2 electrons -2ND shell can hold 8 electrons -3RD shell can hold 8 electrons |
| Ion | Electrically charged atom Gains/ Loses electrons to become stable |
| Cation | Positively charged (Loses electron) |
| Anion | Negatively charged (gains more electrons) |
| Ionic bonds | Give away electrons; Bond WILL BREAK when submerged in water (Attraction between a cation and an anion) Loses becomes (+) cation Gains becomes (-) anion |
| Covalent Bonds | Formed when atoms share electrons; Strongest bond WILL NOT disperse in water |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule -Weakest of the 3 bonds 3D structure, must have H to create |
| Structural formulas | Show how atoms bond |
| Polar Molecules | Opposite charged atoms attract; Molecule with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end result when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds. -Water unequal sharing |
| Chemical reaction | Occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or molecules. |
| Enzymes | Catalyst for a chemical reaction (speeds up) |
| Reactants | Start; Starting material of the reaction |
| Products | End; Formed at the end of the reaction |
| Synthesis reaction | More complex chemical structure is formed A+B>AB |
| Decomposition Reaction | Chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure AB>A+B |
| Exchange reaction | Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed AB+CD>AD+CB |
| Reversible reaction | Products can change back to the reactants A+B<>AB |
| Electrolytes | Substances that release ions in water |
| Acids | Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water |
| Bases | Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydroxyl ions in water |
| Salts | Electrolytes formed by the reaction between and acid and a base |
| pH scale | Ranges 0-14 Indicates the concentration of Hydrogen ions in solution |
| Neutral | 7 |
| Acidic | 0-6.9 more H+ |
| Basic or alkaline | 7.1-14 more OH- |
| Organic molecules | Contains Carbon Usually larger than inorganic Dissolve in water and organic liquids Carbohydrates, protein, lipids, nucleic acids |
| Inorganic molecules | Do not contain Carbon (generally) Usually Smaller than organic Dissociate in water, forming ions Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts |
| Important inorganic substances | Water Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Inorganic salts |
| Organic Substances | Carbohydrates Proteins |
| Four levels of protein structure | Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure |
| Lipids | Soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water FATS |
| Phospholipids | Major component of cell membrane |
| Steroids | Used to synthesize hormones four connected rings of carbon |
| Nucleic acids | Building blocks are nucleotides Carry genes -DNA,RNA |
| Chromosomes | Contains genetic information for cells to survive -Long strands of DNA -22 pairs of chromosomes + 1 pair of sex chromosomes= 23 pairs -2 copies 46 Total XXF XYM |
| DNA | Double stranded Found in nucleus of cells Carries genetic information within the cells deoxyribose is sugar nucleotides ATCG |
| 4 Types of nucleotides for DNA | Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) |
| RNA | Single stranded Derived from DNA Used to make proteins; acts as a messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis ribose sugar AUGC |
| 4 Types of nucleotides for RNA | Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Uracil (U) Cytosine (C) |
| Mass number | # protons + # Neutrons |
| Non polar | Equal sharing electrons/ equal pull |
| Receptor function | receives the stimulus |
| Control center function | process the signal & sends instructions |
| Effector function | carries out instructions |
| Homeostasis | any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival |
| Protons are: | Positively charged and equal the atomic number |
| Saturated fat has Carbon (C) chains: | Filled with the maximum amount of Hydrogen (H+) |
| Correct statement | Solute is added to a solvent creating a solution |
| Ions are: | Elements with a different number of electrons |
| A double covalent bond is formed by: | atoms sharing two pairs of electrons |
| A monosaccharide | is made of one sugar molecules |
| An ionic bond is formed by | the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another |
| An isotope is an element with a different: | number of neutrons |
| Electrolytes are substances that: | dissociate into charged particles in water |
| An example of catabolism reaction | AB>A+B |
| The valence shell is the | outermost shell/energy level of electrons |
| An acid | is a H+ donor |
| Kinetic energy is | energy at work |
| DNA is made of | ribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
| when a protein unwinds destroying its three-dimensional structure it is said to | denature |
| The atomic number of an element is the number of | protons |
| An example of a synthesis reaction | A+B>AB |
| The four properties of water are | high heat capacity, polarity/solubility, chemical reactivity, lubrication |
| Oils are | liquid at room temperature |
| A compound is | the combination of more than one of different elements |
| Bulk element | requires by the body in large amounts (O,H,C,N) |
| Trace element | required by the body in small amounts (Fe,Mg) |
| Ultratrace element | required by the body i very minute amounts (Fi, Li) |
| Most common elements in human body | O,H,C,N |
| 4 Main organic substances | Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids ,nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrates | primary energy source; Composed of polymers of sugars |
| Protein | Structural components of cell, energy reserve, hormone production, receptors, enzymes, antibodies Composed of chains of AA |
| Lipids | Fats, phospholipids, steroids |
| Nucleic acids | composed of nucleotides that carry genetic information |
| Hydrophobic | water-insoluble (tail) |
| Hydrophilic | water-soluble (head) |
| Steroids | Used to synthesize hormone 4 connected rings of carbon |
| Polarity | opposite charged atoms attract |
Created by:
golds_berry
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