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Microbiology set 3
Microbiology Exam 3 Ch. 12 & 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some general features of fungi? | -most are decomposers -obtain nutrients through absorption -few are parasites of plants and animals |
| Fungi are _____________ organisms, such as molds and yeasts, that are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and chemotrophic. | eukaryotic |
| the study of fungi | mycology |
| 2 types of fungi | mold and yeast |
| The thallus (body) of molds or fungi consists of ____________ , which are long filaments of cells, which form visible masses called a ______________. | -hyphae -mycelium |
| ____________ hypha is the portion that obtain nutrients | vegetative |
| _____________ hypha is the portion involved in reproduction | aerial |
| ___________ are nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi that are typically spherical or oval shaped | Yeast |
| yeast which divide symmetrically | fission |
| yeast which divide asymmetrically | budding |
| ________ fungi are organisms (usually pathogenic) that can exhibit two forms of growth, and resemble a yeast (unicellular) or a mold (have hyphae). | Dimorphic |
| What 2 factors can influence dimorphic growth? | -Temperature -CO2 Concentration |
| Fungi can reproduce asexually using ____________ or ___________? | -spores -fragmentation |
| Fungi can reproduce sexually using | spores |
| ___________ spores are formed by the hyphae of one organism and produce organisms that are genetically identical to the parents. | Asexual |
| produces sexual and asexual spores | telemorphs |
| produce only asexual spores | anamorphs |
| spores produced within a sac at the end of a sporangiophore | sporangiospores |
| spores not produced within a sac | conidiospore/conidium |
| produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore | -Arthroconidia -Chlamydoconidia -Blastoconidia |
| ____________ result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus and produce organisms with genetic traits of both parental strains. | Sexual spores |
| haploid nucleus of donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-) | Plasmogamy |
| the (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus | Karyogamy |
| the diploid nucleus gives rise to a haploid nuclei (sexual spores) | Meiosis |
| What are the 3 stages sexual spores | -plasmogamy -karyogamy -meiosis |
| Fungi have some unusual nutritional adaptions, which include growth at a pH of _______, are resistant to osmotic pressure, do well in low moisture, require less nitrogen for growth than bacteria, and are capable of using complex carbs for energy. | Acidic pH 5 |
| Any fungal disease is called _____________. (Usually chronic) | mycosis |
| mycosis is one in which the fungal infection occur deep within the body. (inhalation of spores) | Systemic |
| Mycosis occur beneath the skin | subcutaneous |
| mycosis may involve the epidermis, hair, or nails. | cutaneous |
| mycosis is a localized infection that involves the surface epidermal cells and hair shafts | superficial |
| mycosis is a fungal infection caused by normal microbiome when the host is weakened | opportunistic |
| what are fungal diseases difficult to treat? | -difficult to diagnosis. -fungi grow slowly and in stages so most meds cant kill it all at once. -Grow deep into tissue -Fungi have fewer therapeutic target, fewer drugs available |
| ___________ are photosynthetic autotrophs, reproduce sexually & asexually, may be unicellular, multicellular, or filamentous, and are classified according to their structures & pigments. Important to the environment because they are photosynthetic | Algae |
| Grow rapidly and are harvested for align, a thickener used in many foods, rubber tires, hand lotions. | Brown Algae(Kelp) |
| Extracted for agar and carrageenan, which are thickeners used in evaporated milk, ice cream, and medicines. | Red algae |
| Similar to plants b/c have cellulose cell walls and contain chlorophyll | Green Algae |
| are a type of algae that have pectin and silica in their cell walls, form much of our oil supply, and can produce a toxin called domoic acid that causes memory loss and diarrhea | Diatoms |
| are a type of unicellular(plankton) algae that are responsible for red tides and algal blooms, and produce neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in human (very lethal). | Dinoflagellates |
| are a type of algae that resemble molds, but serve as decomposers in the environment or as plant parasites | water molds (oomycota) |
| are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular, chemoheterotrophs, reproduce sexually (conjugation) or asexually (Fission,budding, schizogony) may cause disease in humans, and may also produce protective capsules called cysts that allow them to survive | Protozoa |
| are protozoans that lack mitochondria, but have a similar organelle called a mitosome and include Trichomonas vaginalis(STD) & Giardia lamblia (diarrhea) | Excavata super kingdom |
| is a genus of protozoan blood parasites that are mobile by flagella and cause diseases such as African sleeping sickness & Chaga's disease, both of which are transmitted by flies. | Euglenozoa |
| is a freshwater protozoan that exists in flagellated and ameboid forms and causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis | Naegleria fowleri |
| protozoans that are motile using pseudopods, include Entamoeba histolytica-a parasite causes amoebic dysentery. Acanthamoeba,-grows in tap water, can infect the cornea & cause blindness. Balamuthia-lives in soil, causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis | Ameobozoa |
| are nonmotile in their mature forms, are obligate intracellular parasites, and have complex life cycles that involve transmission among several hosts (apexes/Tips) | Apicomplexa |
| Host where organism undergoes sexual reproduction | Definitive |
| host where organism undergoes asexual reproducton | Intermediate |
| Plasmodium, the parasite that causes________, infects and destroys red blood cells, and due to its complex life cycle, is difficult to develop a vaccine to prevent infection. | Malaria |
| What is the infective stage of the organism called? | Sporozoite |
| Where does this organism undergo sexual reproduction (what is the definitive host)? | In the Anopheles mosquito |
| Where does it undergo asexual reproduction (what is the intermediate host)? | In humans |
| is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that is found in the gastrointestinal tract of most mammals and causes severe diarrhea, cramping, and loss of electrolytes | Cryptosporidium parvum |
| is an apicomplexan parasite whose life-cycle often involves domestic cats ( the parasite is found in fecal matter). and may cause blindness or flu-like symptoms in adults, or brain damage and death in newborns. | Toxoplasma gondii |
| a ciliophoran protozoan parasite that is ciliated and can invade the mucosal lining the digestive tract & causes inflammation, ulcers, & diarrhea | Balantidium coli |
| The helminths are parasitic worms that are _____________. | multicellular animals |
| Platyhelminthes, are | flatworms |
| nematodes, are | roundworms |
| included with the flatworms are the __________ (flukes), which have suckers used for attachment and cause infection when eggs passed in feces are ingested. | trematoda |
| also included with the flatworms are the ____________ (tapeworm), which are intestinal parasites that lack a digestive system & absorb food through their cuticle & may be composed of thousands of proglottids. | Cestoda |
| How do Cestoda(tapeworms) attach to the intestinal wall of their host? | Using a head or scolex |
| are known as beef tapeworms | Taenia Saginata |
| are known as pork tapeworms | Taenia Solium |
| are known as roundworms that have complete digestive systems and may be found free-living in soil or as parasites on plants and animals | Nematodes |
| is a human pinworm that spends its life cycle in the human intestines | Enterobius vermicularis |
| is an intestinal roundworm whose eggs can survive for years in the soil and is commonly contracted by children after playing in soil and not washing their hands | Ascaris lumbricoides |
| are small organisms that possess bilateral symmetry, have distinct body segments, and have exoskeletons composed primarily of chitin. | Arthropda |
| Arthropoda routinely carry pathogenic microorganisms, and ________________. | transmit them to other organisms |
| What are some examples of arthropods? | -crabs -crayfish -ticks -mites -flies -fleas -lice |
| Viruses are ______________, contain either DNA or RNA, possess a protein coat that surrounds their nucleic acid, and multiply inside living cells using the machinery of the cell. | Obligatory intracellular parasites |
| most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host called_____? | Host range |
| what are viruses that affect bacteria called? | Bacteriophages |
| Viruses vary greatly in size, but most are much smaller than bacteria. What is the average size range for must viruses? | 20 -1,000nm in length |
| a complete, fully developed infectious viral particle composed of nucleic acid and surrounded by a protein coat that protects it from the environment, adn serves as the vehicle of transmission from one host cell to another. | virion |
| Can a single virus have both DNA & RNA? | no, never both |
| The nucleic acid of a virus is protected by a protein coat called a ______? | capsid |
| in some viruses, the capsid is covered by an envelope. How is this strucutre formed? | Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates taken from the plasma membrane from the host cell. |
| What is the term used to describe viruses whose capsids are not covered by an envelope? | nonenveloped (naked) viruses |
| Viruses may be classified on the morphology of their _____________? | Capsids |
| ____________ have their capsids arranged into a helical structure. | Helical Viruses |
| Name an example of helical virus | -Ebola Virus -Rabies |
| Is one in which the capsid is arranged into a polyhedron of 20 regular triangular faces called icosahedron and includes the poliovirus & adenovirus | Polyhedral viruses |
| virus has a capsid surrounded by an envelope, that is roughly spherical, but may be pleomorphic. Examples of enveloped viruses include influenza, coronavirus, HIV. | Enveloped |
| Has a complicated structure and may include structures called sheathes, tail fibers, or pins. | Complex viruses |
| Name an example of a complex viruses | -poxviruses -bacteriophages |
| Besides morphology, what are 2 other ways that viruses can be classified? | -Type of nucleic acid -Strategy for replication |
| Viruses must be cultivated in living cells, which means they may be grown in: | -Growing virus inside bacterial cell -Animal viruses may be grown in living animals -Or in embryonated eggs -Animals & Plants viruses may be grown in cell cultures |
| Viruses may be identified by looking at ? | -Cytopathic effects -serological test -Nucleic acids |
| are visible effects to a host cell (like nuclear changes, changes to morphology, etc.) that may result in host cell damage to death. | cytopathic effects |
| test that look for the presence of specific antibodies produced by the host in response to viral antigens. | serological test |
| look at the DNA or RNA of the virus to compare with that of other known viruses | Nucleic Acids |
| Because viruses are simple and do not contain many genes or enzymes needed for replication, they must multiply _________________? | inside living host cells. |
| Replication of the virus ends with lysis and death of the host cell. | lytic cycle |
| host cell remains alive and virus remains latent (inactive) inside the host cell. | Lysogenic cycle |
| In bacteria, the lytic cycle involves 5 distinct stages: what are they? | -Attachment -Penetration/Entry -Biosynthesis -Maturation -Relase |
| The phage attaches by its tail fibers to proteins on the host cell wall. | attachment |
| an enzyme called phage lysozyme opens the cell wall of the bacterium and the nucleic acid of the phage enters the cell | penetration/entry |
| the phage uses the bacterium's cellular machinery to start synthesizing new phage DNA and proteins | Biosynthesis |
| The newly replicated phage particles are assembled into complete virions | Maturation |
| The mature, complete virions are released from the bacteria and the bacterium lyses and dies | Release |
| During a lysogenic infection of a bacterium with a bacteriophage, the phage (viral) DNA becomes incorporated into the hosts DNA as a ________________? | Prophage |
| Prophage, which can replicate with the bacterial chromosome or, at some point, may be excised from the bacterial chromosome and initiate a _______________? | Lytic cycle |
| What are the three important results that occur because of Lysogeny? | -Lysogenic cells immune to reinfection by same phage -Host cell may exhibit new properties -Specialized transduction is made possible(so viral particle takes w/ it pieces of adjacent bacterial DNA & gives new characteristics to other bacteria) |
| During the biosynthesis of DNA viruses, transcription of viral DNA occurs in the nucleus, while the capsid proteins are formed in the host cell _____________. | cytoplasm during translation |
| Where does the mature virion get assembled? | Nucleus of host cell |
| In RNA viruses, multiplication of the viruses occurs in the ______________ of the cell and transcription of DNA to mRNA is not needed. | Cytoplasm |
| What is the name of the enzyme that synthesizes double-stranded RNA? | -RNA Dependent -RNA Polymerase |
| Some RNA viruses are known as retroviruses because they contain an enzyme called ____________, which copies viral RNA to produce double-stranded DNA. | reverse transcriptase |
| Name some examples of DNA viruses. | -Adenoviridae: Common Cold -Poxviridae: Small Pox -Herpesviridae: Herpes Viruses - Papovaviridae: Papilloma Virus -Hepadnaviridae: Hepatitis B |
| Name some examples of RNA viruses. | -Picornaviridae: Polio Virus -Togaviridae: Arthropod Viruses -Rhabdoviridae: Rabies -Reoviridae: Respiratory & Enteric Viruses -Retroviridae: HIV |
| Which virus in known as a retrovirus? | HIV (RNA Viruses) |
| Several viruses can cause cancer by activating genes called_________ and transforming normal cells into cancerous cells, which have increased growth, loss of contact inhibition, and tumor- specific antigens, and are less round than normal cells | oncogenes |
| Name some examples of oncogenic viruses. | -Adenoviridae -Herpesviridae -Poxviridae -Papovaviridae -Hepadnaviridae -Retroviridae |
| viral infection remains in the host for long periods of time with out causing any symptoms and includes cold sores or shingles virus | Latent |
| a __________ virus causes disease over a long period of time and ig generally fatal, such as HIV, Hepatitis, and HPV. | Persistent |
| Infectious proteins are known as ___________, and may be inherited, or acquired from ingestion, transplants, or surgical instruments that are contaminated with the misfolded proteins. | prions |
| Name some examples of prion diseases | Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, Fatal familial insomnia, Mad cow disease, Kuru |
| __________ are infectious RNA pieces that causes some plant diseases. | Viroids |
| True or False: The apicomplexans lack mitochondria, but have a similar organelle called a mitosome | False; the archeazoans lack mitochondria |
| You isolate an unknown organism that is small, possesses bilateral symmetry, has distinct body segments, and has a chitin exoskeleton. This organism is most likely: a. arthropod b. nematode c. trematode d. fluke e. hemoflagellate | a. arthropod |
| The platyhelminthes include the: a. flatworms b. roundworms c. pinworms d. hookworms e. all of the above | a.flatworms |
| True or False: A cutaneous mycosis occurs deep in the body. | False: systemic mycosis |
| persistent infection,infection in which a. Virus remains in equilibrium w/ host w/o causing disease b. Viral rep. is unusually slow c. disease process occurs gradually over long period d. Host cells are gradually lysed e. Host cells are transformed | c. The disease process occurs gradually over a long period. |
| Helminthic diseases are usually transmitted to humans by: a. Respiratory route b. Genitourinary route c. Gastrointestinal route d. Vectors e. Aerosols | c. Gastrointestinal route |
| True or false: HIV is an example of an RNA virus | True; also a retrovirus |
| What is a provirus? | Retrovirus inserts itself into host cell chromosome to hide and escape the immune system |
| Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE? A. All fungi are unicellular B. All fungi have eukaryotic cells C. Fungi are heterotrophic D. Most fungi are aerobic E. Few fungi are pathogenic to humans | A. All fungi are unicellular |
| What is a virion? | Complete, fully infectious viral particle composed of nucleic acid, capsid, and in some cases, an envelope |
| If the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus undergoes asexual reproduction in humans, humans are the: a. Definitive host b. Infected host c. Reservoir d. Intermediate host e. Carriers | d. Intermediate host |
| What is an opportunistic mycosis? | Disease caused by normal microbiota when the immune system of the host is weakened |
| True or false: In fungi, sporangiospores are asexual spores that are produced inside of a sac | True |
| In which ways do viruses differ from bacteria? a. Viruses cause disease b. Viruses don’t have any nucleic acid c. Viruses aren't composed of cells d. Viruses don’t reproduce e. All the following are differences among viruses & bacteria | c. Viruses are not composed of cells |
| True or False: Kuru is an example of a prion disease | True |
| The type of reproduction that produces offspring that is unique from the parent is called: | Sexual reproduction |
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SamMcG11
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