Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Physiology
UWORLD
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the rule of thumb for GFR and serum creatinine levels? | Every time GFR halves, serum creatine doubles |
| Large decreases in GFR result in --> | Small increase in serum Cr |
| What is Creatinine? | Waste product generated by the breakdown of creatine in the muscles |
| What serum level is used to estimate GFR? | Serum creatinine |
| What are the main sources for creatine formation? | Muscle mass breakdown and meat intake |
| Which cell produces EPO? | Peritubular fibroblasts cells in the renal cortex |
| What stimulates peritubular fibroblast cells in the renal cortex to produce EPO? | Decreased renal oxygen delivery |
| What is the MCC of low renal oxygen delivery to the kidneys? | Decreased blood hemoglobin content |
| What kind of anemia is expected in patients with low EPO production? | Normocytic anemia |
| What characteristic must be found in a maker to be ideal for calculating GFR? | Freely filtered across the glomerulus and is not metabolized, secreted, or reabsorbed by the kidney tubules |
| Does creatinine clearance overestimate or underestimate GFR? | Overestimates GFR by 10-20% |
| Which substance renal clearance is known to overestimate GFR for 10-20%? | Creatine clearance |
| On which receptors does vasopressin and Desmopressin work on? | V2 receptor |
| What is the result of vasopressin working on V2-receptor in the collecting ducts of the nephron? | Increase water and urea permeability at the inner medullary collecting duct |
| Does the stimulation of V2-receptors in the collecting duct help dilute or concentrate urine? | Concentrated urine |
| What is the effect of osmolarity of urine in cases of V2-receptor inhibition? | Dilution of urine |
| Which substance is impermeable in the DCT? | Urea |
| At which part of the nephron is urea impermeable? | DCT |
| Which part of the nephron contains the highest concertation of ureal? | Lowest part of the loop of Henle |
| What substance concentration is its highest at the lowest part of the loop of Henle? | Urea |
| Is serum Cr increased or decreased in pregnancy? | Decreased |
| What are the effects on GFR, PPF, and blood pressure in pregnancy? | It results in significant plasma expansion and widespread vasodilation, leading to increased GFR and RPF |
| Are GFR rate and RPF increased or decreased in normal pregnancy? | Both are increased |
| Which forces are involved in calculating the Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)? | Subtracting oncotic pressure gradient from the hydrostatic pressure gradient |
| Which renal arteriole is preferred by AT-II? | Efferent arteriole |
| Does AT-II constrict or dilate the efferent glomerular arteriole? | Constriction of efferent arteriole |
| Does AT-II induce an increase or decrease of NFP? | Increase NFP and GFR due to increase hydrostatic pressure gradient |
| What is the approximate value of the threshold of glucose? | 200 mg/dL |
| What is the definition of "threshold of glucose"? | Serum concentration at which glucosuria begins |
| What is the MCC of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients? | Decreased filtration of phosphate |
| What is secreted in response to hyperphosphatemia, especially in CKD patients? | Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) |
| What is the MC use for FGF23 as a serum marker? | Early marker of abnormal phosphate metabolism in CKD patients |
| What electrolyte imbalance is suspected in a patient with elevated Cr and (+) for FGF23? | Hyperphosphatemia |
| What is the reason for phosphorus going into the cell in Refeeding syndrome? | Effort to maintain cellular energy metabolism (ATP production) |
| What is Refeeding syndrome? | Reintroduction of carbohydrates in patients with chronic malnourishment, which stimulates insulin secretion and drives phosphorus intracellularly to maintain energy production in the cell |
| What is the significant effect of driving phosphorus intracellularly in cases of Refeeding syndrome? | May cause severe HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA |
| What is the main cause of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis? | Loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-), leading to a relative increase in H+ |
| What are two common causes for NAGMA? | RTA and diarrhea |
| What is another way to refer to NAGMA? | Hyperchloremic acidosis |
| How is the loss of bicarbonate compensated in NAGMA? | Increasing serum chloride, to maintain electronegative balance. |
| What causes elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis? | Accumulated of unmeasured acidic compounds |
| What are three common causes of elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis? | Lactic acidosis, DKA, and renal failure (uremia) |
| What are some effects produced by dehydration? | Increase levels of ADH, increase water permeability of the collecting duct, and provide highly concentrated urine |
| Where in the nephron is the fluid osmolarity the lowest in a person with dehydration? | Beginning of the DCT |
| GFR / RPF | Filtration fraction (FF) |
| Which common serum concentrations increase as fluid runs along the PCT? | Creatine concentration and Urea clearance |
| Which concentrations are known to decrease as fluid runs along the PCT? | Bicarbonate, glucose, and amino acids |
| Which two concentrations are unchanged as fluid runs along the PCT? | Sodium and Potassium |
| How are mixed acid-base disturbances recognized? | They have inappropriate secondary compensation for one of the primary disturbances |
| How to determine if an acid base disorder is compensated? | pH is normal |
| How is an acid-base disorder indicated to be partially compensated? | Nothing is normal |
| How is an acid-base disorder indicative of uncompensated? | CO2 or HCO3 is normal |
| How is anovulatory infertility treated? | Ovulation induction therapy |
| What is the ovarian-related effect of Ovulation induction therapy? | Gonadotropins stimulate the ovarian follicles |
| What is the purpose of a hCG injection in person on Ovulation Induction therapy? | Mimic LH surge on mature ovaries, serving as ovulation trigger |
Created by:
rakomi
Popular USMLE sets