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Digestive system (2)
Bio 2 Lecture 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do we call the small intestine? How long is it? | The jejuno-ileum, 4.5 meters |
| How does chyme get to the small intestine? | Chyme leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine |
| What is the function of the jejuno-ileum? | Terminal digestion and absorption |
| How do we call the first part of the small intestine? | The duodenum |
| How do we call the remainder of the small intestine? | The jejunum and ileum |
| What does the duodenum receives? | Receives the chyme, digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver (that has been stored in the gallbladder) |
| So where does digestion occur? | Digestion occurs in the duodenum and jejunum |
| What covers the epithelial wall of the small intestine? | Villi and microvilli (brush border) |
| What is the function of digestive tract | Produce enzymes for digestion and absorption |
| What is the function of the large intestine and how long is it? | Water reabsorption and waste material accumulation. It's 1.5 to 1.8 meters long |
| What are the divisions of the large intestine? | 1) Caecum (blind pouch) 2) Colon (ascendind, transverse, descending) 3) Rectum (mucus lining and includes the anal canal) |
| Where is the appendix? How does it look like? | The appendix communicates with the cecum. It'a a wormlike structure part of the colon. unknown function |
| What does the liver and gallbladder secrete? | Bile pigments and bile salts |
| What do bile salts do? | They prepare fats for enzymatic digestion |
| Where is bile stored? | gallbladder |
| What are the divisions of the liver? | There's the right and the left lobe. The lobes are subdivided into lobules. |
| [Liver] What are hepatic lobules? | Unit of liver, theyre cylindrical structures. |
| [Liver] Where does the hepatic vein extend and how are hepatic cells arranged? | The hepatic vein extends through the center of each lobule. Hepatic cells are arranged towards the outsideof this central vein. |
| Where are the hepatic duct and what are they? | The hepatic duct are interlobular bile ducts that conduct the bile. They are found at the corners of each lobule. |
| What are the functions of the liver | 1) Detoxify substances 2) Secrete bile 3) Involved in metabolism of protein, lipids and carbohydrates 4) Stores iron, Vitamin A, B12 and D 5) Site for hematopoiesis during fetal development 6) Produces plasma proteins |
| What is hematopoiesis? | Creates red blood cells and plasma protein |
| How does the gallbladder look, how much bile can it hold and where is it located? | Peer-shaped structure,holds 30 to 50 mL of bile and is located in the undersurface of the liver |
| What is the gallbladder connected to? How? | To the duodenum by the common bile duct |
| What is the pancreas and what does it secrete? | It's a large exocrine and endocrine gland. It secretes pancreatic fluid into the duodenum. |
| What does pancreatic fluid contain? | Contains trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase and lipase |
| [Pancreas] In what arrangment can exocrine tissues be found? | In acinar arrangment |
| How do acinar cells secrete substances? | Through tiny ducts merging with the pancreatic duct which releases its content into the duodenum |
| The clusters of endocrine pancreatic cells lie within the exocrine tissue forming.. | alpha and beta cells |
| Through what does chemical digestion happen? | Through enzymes, which are proteins |
| What do catalysts do? | they accelerate chemical reactions |
| Are digestive enzymes extra or intracellular? | Digestive enzymes are extracellular enzymes as they operate in the lumen of the digestive tract. |
| Where does carbohydrates digestion begin? What happens? | Begins in th oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus. Polysaccharides and disaccharides become smaller polysaccharides through salivary amylase |
| Where does protein digestion start? What happens? | In the stomach where protein become small polypeptides through peptin |
| Where does nucleic acid digestion begin? What happens? | In the lumer of small intestine where DNA and RNA become nucleotides through pancreatic nucleases |
| Where does fat digestion begin? What happens? | In the lumen of small intestine (only place where it happens, start and end in lumen) where fat globules become fat droplets through bile. Then the fat droplets become glycerol, fatty acids and monoglycerides through pancreatic lipase. |
| [Carbo] How are polysaccharides transformed into disaccharides? | Poly are hydrolyzed to di. by salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase found in saliva and pancreatic juices |
| [Carbo] How are disaccharides transformed into monosaccharides? | Di are hydrolyzed into mono. by sucrase, lactase and maltase (enzymes found in the brush border aka epithelium of small intestine) |
| [Protein] What transforms proteins into intermediate compounds? What do the intermediate compounds become? | Proteases (an enzyme) hydrolyze protein into intermediate compound. Then into short strands of amino acids |
| [Protein] Name some proteases and where they are found | 1) Pepsin (in gastric juices) 2) Trypsin and chemotrypsin (pancreatic juice) 3) Peptidases (intestinal brush border) |
| [Lipid aka fat] What emulsifies fat and where? | Fat is emulsified by bile salts (from the liver) in the lumer of the small intestine |
| [Lipid aka fat] What else emulsifies fat and what does it create? | Lecithin, one type of phospholipid, also emulsifies fats by creating a micelle |
| [Lipid aka fat] What does emulsification allow? | Emulsification allows to break large fat drops into smaller fat droplets. |
| [Lipid aka fat] What happens in the epithelial cells? | Micelles are reassembled as triglycerides. They combine with proteins and produce chylomicrons. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system. |
| [Lipid aka fat] Where does chylomicrons enter? | The lymphatic system |
| [Lipid aka fat] How are chylomicrons produced? | Micelles, which are assembled as triglycerides, combine with protein and produce chylomicrons |
| [Nucleic acids] How does DNA and RNA become nucleotides? | Pancreatic nucleases work on DNA and RNA in the small intestine to produce nucleotides |
| [Nucleic acids] How does nuclotides become nucleosides? And what do nucleosides become? | The nucleotidases in the brush border break down nucleotides into nucleosides and later into nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates |
| In resume, name the enzymes of digestion (10) and where they come from | 1) Amylase (salivary glands) 2) Pepsin (Stomach) 3) Lipase (Pancreas) 4) Trypsin (Pancreas) 5) Chymotrypsin (Pancreas) 6) Peptidases (Small intestine) 7) Nucleoses (S.I) 8) Lactase, maltase, sucrase (S.I) |
| How many stomach chambers for ruminant herbivores? | Stomach with 4 chambers |
| What ferments cellulose and where for ruminant herbivores? | In the rumen, bacteria and protists ferment cellulose |
| Can ruminant herbivore regurgitate? | Yes and they chew the contents of the rumen |
| How many chambers does non-ruminant herbivores have? | They have a simple stomach |
| Where and how is the digestion of cellulose carried out for non-ruminant hervivores? | The digestion of cellulose is carried out by bacteria in the cecum |
| What is the size of the cecum for non-ruminant hervivores? | Very large cecum |
| Can non-ruminant herbivore regurgitate? | Regurgitation does not occur |
| What is coprophagy? For whom does it happen? | Coprophagy is eating feces. It happens in rodents (aka rats, mice, squirrels, hamsters...) |
| Do insectivore have a cecum? How long is their small intestine? | Insectivores have short intestines and no cecum (or greatly reduced). |
| Do carnivores have a cecum? How long is their small intestine and colon? | They have a short small intestine and short colon. They have a short cecum |
| What are the differences between carnivores and herbivores digestive tracts? | See activity!! |
Created by:
Malayka
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