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Chapter 4 Review

Evolution, Natural Selection, Supporting Evidence

TermDefinition
species a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce
variation any difference between individuals of the same species
evolution the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Carolus Linnaeus the scientist who developed the first scientific system for classifying and naming living things
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck the scientist who developed the first attempt at a theory of evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck the scientist who supported the idea that organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using parts of their body
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck The scientist who developed the theory of transformation
transformation theory the theory that organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using parts of their body
Charles Lyell the young lawyer who studied naturally formed layers of rocks and fossils- he determined that the earth is older than 6,000 years old
Mary Anning learned how to reconstruct the bodies of fossilized animals and discovered the remains of animals who had never before been seen
Charles Darwin the scientist who developed the natural selection theory
Charles Darwin the scientist who studied animals in South America and the Galapagos islands, and made comparisons about their features
naturalist the type of scientist that studies the natural world. Darwin was an example of this type of scientist.
HMS Beagle the name of the ship on which Darwin traveled around the world
finches, tortises some of the most famous animals that Darwin studied on the Galapagos Islands
adaptation an inherited behavior or physical characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in their environment
scientific theory a well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results
artificial selection only individuals with a desired trait are bred
natural selection a process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
competition the struggle among living things to get the necessary amount of food, water, and shelter
mutation any change to the genetic material
fitness how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
mutations any change to an organism's genetic material
gene flow individuals with new alleles physically move from one population to another
genetic drift a random, directionless process in which just by chance, some alleles may be lost to a population
sexual selection a type of natural selection in which an organisms fitness depends on getting the best possible mate
coevolution the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
4 mechanisms of evolution natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutations
evidence to support evolution fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryology, DNA sequencing
fossil record the fossils that have been discovered and what we have learned from them
body fossils a type of fossil in which the shape and structure of an organism are preserved (such as bones)
trace fossils footprints, nests, and animal droppings are examples of this type of fossil
homologous structures similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor (such as bat wings, dolphin flippers, and dog legs)
LUCA the name for the common ancestor of all living things on Earth has this name
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