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Higher Human 3.4
3.4- Cells of the Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 3 structures of a neurone in order. | Dendrite, cell body, axon |
| Which type of neurons transmit information from the environment into your CNS? | Sensory neurons. |
| Which type of neurons pass on the nerve impulse from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone? | Interneuron |
| What are motor neurones connected too? | Effectors such as muscles or glands. |
| What type of cells produce Myelin sheath? | Glial cells |
| When does myelination occur throughout your lifetime? | Myelination continues from birth to adolescence. |
| What form of communication is sent between neurones? | Electrical impulses |
| What structures can be found in the pre-synaptic neurone? | Vesicles (containing neurotransmitters) Mitochondria (to provide ATP) |
| What is a synapse? | A synapse is the gap between two neurones |
| What does the myelin sheath do? | insulates the axon and increases the speed of impulses. |
| Describe the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse | The impulse stimulates the vesicles to move towards the pre-synaptic vesicle. the neurotransmitters is released into the synapse The neurotransmitter bind with receptors on the post-synaptic neurone. An electrical impulse (impulse is passed on) |
| Name two methods of removal of neurotransmitters from the synapse? | Removed by enzymes degradation Reuptake directly back into the pre-synpatic neurone |
| Why do neurotransmitters need to be removed from the synapse? | To prevent continuous stimulation of the post- synaptic neurone |
| Which structures decide if the signal is excitatory or inhibitory? | Receptors determine whether the signal is excitatory or inhibitory. |
| What can the synapse do if the stimuli arriving at the neurone is weak? | Synapses can filter out weak stimuli |
| Describe what happens when there is summation of weak stimuli. | Summation (converging) of a series of weak stimuli can trigger enough neurotransmitter to fire an impulse |
| What are endorphins? | endorphins are neurotransmitters that stimulate neurones involved in reducing the intensity of pain |
| What are increased levels of endorphins associated with? | Euphoric feelings, appetite modulation and release of sex hormones. |
| What feelings does Dopamine induce? | Feelings of pleasure and reinforces particular behaviour in the reward pathway. |
| Name four circumstances in which endorphin production increases? | Sever injury Prolonged and continuous exercise Stress and Certain foods such as chocolate. |
| Many drugs used to treat neurotransmitter related disorders are similar to neurotransmitters. Describe an agonist. | Agonists bind to and stimulate receptors mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter. |
| Describe an antagonist. | Antagonists bind to specific receptors blocking the action of the neurotransmitter. |
| What do other drugs used in treatment do? (that are not agonists or antagonists) | inhibit the enzymes which degrade neurotransmitters or inhibit re-uptake. |
| What is Alzheimer's and how is it treated? | loss of brain cells that synthesise acetylcholine and the use of cholinesterase inhibitors |
| What is Parkinson's and how is it treated? | loss of dopamine synthesising neurons and the use of L-dopa crossing the blood brain barrier, monamine oxidase inhibitors and the potential use of adult stem cells |
| How do recreational drugs affect the nervous system? | Stimulate the release of neurotransmitters, imitate their action (agonists), block their binding (antagonists), and/or inhibit their re-uptake/enzymatic degradation |
| What is sensitisation? | Sensitisation is an increase in the number and sensitivity of neurotransmitter receptors as a result of exposure to drugs that are antagonists and leads to addiction. |
| What is de-sensitisation? | Desensitisation is a decrease in the number and sensitivity of receptors as a result of exposure to drugs that are agonists and leads to drug tolerance. |
Created by:
mackas89
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