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Chapter 17 - Exam 4

General microbiology - BIO 175

QuestionAnswer
Herd immunity When a contagious disease enters an unvaccinated group, many members are infected because they lack immunity against the disease
Active immunization Administration of antigens so patient actively mounts an adaptive immune response
Passive immunization Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal
5 types of active immunization 1) Attenuated (modified live) vaccine 2) Inactivated (killed) vaccines 3) Toxoid vaccines 4) Combination vaccines 5) Vaccines using recombinant gene technology
Attenuated (modifies live) vaccine - Use pathogens with reduced virulence - Can result in mild infections - Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response - Can provide contact immunity - Modified microbes retain enough residual virulence to cause disease in susceptible patient
Attenuation Process of reducing virulence
Inactivated (killed) vaccines - Safer than live vaccines - Whole-agent vaccines - Subunit vaccines - Often requires multiple doses to achieve full immunity - Often obtain adjuvants
Whole-agent vaccines Inactivated, but whole microbes
Subunit vaccines Antigenic fragments of microbes
Adjuvants Chemicals added to increase effective antigenicity
Toxoid vaccines - Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate immunity - Useful for some bacterial diseases - Stimulate antibody-mediated immunity - Require multiple doses to maintain immunity
Combination vaccines Simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens
Vaccines using recombinant gene technology Research attempts to make vaccines more effective, cheaper, safer - Recombinant DNA techniques used to improve vaccines
Problems resulting from active immunization - Mild toxicity - Risk of anaphylactic shock - Residual virulence from attenuated viruses - Allegations that certain vaccines cause autism, diabetes, and asthma
Main benefit of passive immunotherapy over active immunization - Administration of antiserum containing performed antibodies - Provides immediate protection against recent infection or ongoing disease - Antisera have several limitations
Antisera limitations - Can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness - Antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quickly - Individual not protected from subsequent infections
Created by: anahdzv
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