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Micro Lecture Less1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The concept that living cells arise only from other living cells is called | Biogenesis |
| The use of microbes to clean up, for example, an oil spill is called | Bioremediation |
| Prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and are often found in extremed environments are in the Domain | Archaea |
| Which microscope would be best to use with an unstained bacterial cell when no detail is needed | Darkfiel Microscopy |
| The total magnification of a slide you are viewing through a compound light microscope with a 10x ocular lens and 40x objective lens is? | 400x |
| Assume you stain a specimen by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstain with safranin. Through the microscope the green structures are: | Endospores |
| Which type of Microscope is best to view specimens attatched to living subjects? | SAM |
| True or False, The terms resolution and magnification can be used interchangeably | false |
| True or False, A basic dye, such as crystal violet, is best to use to stain bacteria. | True |
| True or False, The purpose of fixing a smear is to kill the bacteria. | False. |
| Which microscope would you use to determine the levels of ATP in a cell? | Confocal |
| What is the name for the type of microscopy that is under normal operating conditions? | Brightfield Illumination |
| Which type of microscope would be most appropriat to use when trying to determine temperature variations inside a cell? | Scanning Probe Microscope |
| Which type of microscope would be most appropriate to use for a sample that is visualized when illuminated with ultra violet light? | Fluorescence Microscope |
| Which is not a modification of a compound light microscope? | Electron Microscopy |
| Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye | Microorganisms/Microbes |
| What are the 4 groups of Microbes/Microorganisms? | Bacteria,Fungi,Protozoa, Algae, Viruses |
| What are some of the Negative Contributions? | Spoiled Food/Pathogenic:disease causing |
| What are some of the Positive Contributions? | Basis of food chain, decompose organic waste,are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis, produce industrial chemicals and vitamins B&K, food production |
| TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS | |
| Bacteria (singular:bacterium) | Simple single celled organism.ProkaryotesShapes: Bacillus(Rod) Coccus(Round) Sprial(Corkscrew or curved)Enclosed in a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan(Carbon Proteins) |
| Archaea | ProkaryoticLack peptidoglycan in cell wallsLive in extreme environments (3 Groups)Not known to cause disease |
| Fungi | EukaryotesChitin in Cell WallsIncludes molds, mushrooms, and yeasts. |
| Protozoa | EukaryotesUnicelularExtremely Motile(Cilia and Flagella)Many are Parasites |
| Algae | EukaryotesCellulose cell wallsUse Photosythesis for energy |
| Viruses | *Different*Acellular (Not Cellular)Consist of DNA or RNA core (never both)Core is surrounded by a protein coatViruses only replicate when they are in a living host cell. Only Seen with Electron Microscopes |
| MultiCellular Animal Parasites | EukaryoteMulticellular animalsParasitic Flatworms and Round Worms are called helminthes. Microscopic Stages in Life cycles. |
| Classification of Microorganisms | -> |
| 3 DOMAINS | BACTERIA: cells walls must contain peptidoglycanARCHAEA: cell walls lack peptidoglycanEUKARYA: 1. Protists: slime molds, protozoa, algae. 2. Fungi: yeasts, molds, mushrooms. 3. Plants: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants. |
| 4. Animals: sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates. | . |
| A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY | |
| He was able to see that individual cells that led to the development of the cell theory. Who was this? | Hooke |
| All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells- | Cell theory |
| He lacked specific staining techniques to see microbes clearly | Hooke |
| He described lvie microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions | Leeuwenhoek |
| Hypothesis that lving organisms arise from non living matter | Spontaneous Generation |
| He tried to disprove Spontaneous Generation | Redi |
| How did Redi try to disprove Spontaneous Generation? | Filled 2 jars with decaying meat, sealed one of them and left the other unsealed. Unsealed jar resulted in fly larvae appearing and the sealed jar resulted in nothing no maggots. Opponents claimed air was needed for SG. |
| The Theory of Biogenesis | |
| Theory that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. | Biogenesis |
| He demonstrated that microorganism are present in air and can contaminate a steril solution but air itself doesn't create microbes-Who? | Pasteur |
| The Golden Age of Microbiology | |
| established microbiology as a science? | Pasteur and Kock |
| Show that microbes are responsible for fermentation and spoilage. -Who? | Pasteur |
| microbes called yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air | fermentation |
| bacteria converts alcohol into vinegar in presence of air | souring and spoilage. |
| heating fluids to kill most bacteria | pasteurization |
| theory that microorganism cause disease | the germ theory of disease |
| First to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease | Koch |
| How did Kock prove the a specific microbe causes disease? | Discovered a certain bacteria in the blood of a cattel that died from anthrax. cultured samples of the blood and injected samples into healthy animals, these animals died. Koch culture this blood and found it contained the same bac. as the 1st sample. |
| Vaccination | |
| Developed a vaccine to protect people from smallpox | Jenner |
| How did Jenner discover a vaccine to protect ppl from small pox? | discovered when a person was first infected with a milder disease called owpox they would not contract smallpox. |
| Protection from a disease provided by vaccination or by recovery from the disease itself. | Immunity |
| who discovered why vaccinations work? | pasteur |
| How did pasteur discover how vaccines work? | some microbes lose their ability to cuase disease (avirulent) after it is grown in the lab form long periods, however are able to induce immunity against subsequent infections by its virulent counter parts. |
| Cultures of a avirulent microorganism used for preventative inoculation | vaccines |
| The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy | |
| Treatment of disease using chemicals | chemotherapy |
| prepared from chemicals inthe lab | synthetic drugs |
| chemicals naturally produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. | antibiotics |
| Who developed first chemotherapeutic synthetic drug to treat syphilis? | Ehrlich |
| Who discovered the first antibiotic? | Fleming. |
| How did fleming discover the first anibiotic? | Found some old contaminated cluture plates and saw there was an area aroudn the mold sample where no bacteria grew. This mold was penicillin (first antibiotic) |
| Modern Developments in Microbiology | |
| Study of bacteria | bacteriology |
| study of fungi | mycology |
| study of protozoa and parasitic worms | parisitology |
| study of immunity | immunology |
| study of viruses | virology |
| DNA made from two different sources | recombinant DNA |
| *FACT* | Fragment of human or animal DNA that codes from importan proteins can be attatched to bacterial DNA to make large quantities of desired proteins, genetic engineering. |
| Microbes and Human Welfare. | |
| Recycling Vital Elements | Bacteria help recycle vital elements between the soil and the atmosphere, convert elements into forms that can be used by plands and animals, Bacteria dn Fungi return carbon dioxide to atmosphere. Some bacteria use pollutants as energy sources. |
| Using Bacteria to remove toxins from an area | BioremediationBacteria degrade organic matter in sewage, Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oild and mercury. |
| Biological Insecticides | Microbes that are pathogenic to insect are alternative to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damgae to agricultural crops and disease transmission.Dont harm environment like other chemicals. |
| Inserts missing gene or replaces a defective gene or replacs a defective gene using a virus to cary the new gene into the correct place on the chromosome.-- | genetic therapy |
| use of microbes to produce useful products. | biotechnology, used to produce proteins, vaccines, enzymes, food, chemicals. |
| New bacteria to protect fruit from frost damage, increase shelf life, and imporve appearance. | Agricultural Use |
| Duchene's muscular dystophy, cysstic fibrosis, ADA | medical uses |
| Microbes and Human Disease | |
| Everday variety of microorganisms on and inside our bodies that not only do us no harm but in some cases can benefit us. | Normal Mircobiota/flora -protects us from disease by inhibiting the overgrowth of harmful microbes and producing useful substances. |
| pathogens invade a host and carries out at least part of its life cycle. | Infectious disease |
| New disease and disease increasing in incidence. | Emerging Infectious diseases. EID Examples: West Nile Virus. AIDS. Flesh Eating Bacteria, Avian Influenza, and Swine Flu. |
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