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Zoology Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| zoology | scientific study of the diversity of animal life |
| what is science? | a body of knowledge gained from studying the natural world, tested against the natural world, whose conclusions are not absolute, and is falsifiable. |
| Scientific Method | Observation, Problem/Hypothesis, Testing, Interpretation, Conclusion, Sharing |
| Law vs Theory | Law=observation that has been repeated numerous times Theory=explanation for how something happens |
| Evolution as a Theory | natural selection and other methods of explaining how it happens |
| evolution as a fact | documented in the fossil record |
| Lamarckism | a theory (proved false) that said species could change in their lifespan. ex: stretching giraffe necks |
| Lyell | 1) laws of physics remain constant 2) earth has changed |
| Alfred Russel Wallace | came up with natural selection about the same time as Darwin, but doesn't get credit because he spent such little time on it |
| darwinism's five supporting theories | 1) perpetual change 2) common descent 3) multiplication of species 4) gradualism 5) natural selection |
| Darwin's Observations and Inferences | 1) Organisms' potential fertility 2) Populations remain stable 3) Limited resources {constant struggle between members of a population} 4) Variation in popu. 5) Variation is heritable {survival is not random with respect to heredity}{geo sep leads to |
| artificial selection | selective breeding |
| metazoan | multicelluar |
| heterotrophic | eats other things |
| spherical symmetry | symmetry through any plane |
| radial symmetry | symmetry by more than 2 planes |
| bilateral symmetry | symmetry on just one plane |
| frontal plane, sagittal plane, traverse plane | back and belly, left and right, top and bottom |
| radial cleavage vs spiral cleavage | layers of cells stacked on top of one another vs cells arranged in furrows |
| process of development | zygote, blastula, gastrula |
| zygote | single cell arising from fusion of gametes |
| blastula and blastocoel | group of cells surrounding a fluid filled cavity (the blastocoel) |
| ectoderm | outer tissue layer of the gastrula |
| endoderm | inner tissue layer of the gastrula |
| two types of "guts" | incomplete (two way, one opening, blastopore) or complete (one way, mouth to anus) |
| mesoderm | third tissue in the middle of the the endoderm and the ectoderm |
| coelome | a tube that may develop in the mesoderm |
| Acoelomate | no coelom, mesoderm fills blastocoel |
| pseudocoelomate | coelom forms but not completely surrounded by mesoderm |
| Coelomate | coelom forms, tube within a tube body-plan |
| deuterostome | radial cleavage, blastopore becomes anus, coelom forms by outpocketing (enterocolelcus) |
| protostome | spiral cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, coelom forms by splitting (schizocoelous) |
| 4 types of tissue | epithelial (skin), connective, muscular, nervous |
| colonial flagellate hypothesis | came from protists, valid from flagella on both organisms |
| Porifera | phylum for sponges |
| Order of taxonomy | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (King Phillip came over for good sex) |
| ostia | pores |
| Do poriferans have tissue? | No |
| sessile | immobile |
| spicules | little tiny crystal like structures that can hold a sponge together, either made of CaCO3 (calcareous) or Si (siliceous) |
| spongin | skeleton-like structure of some sponges |
| choanocyte | cells in the inside of the sponge that collect food with flagellates and collars of microvilli |
| 3 layers | -outer layer of pinacocyte cells -inner non-living mesoglea -collar cells |
| reproduction | asexual by buds and gemmules, sexual by eggs and sperm |
| archaeocytes | the "stem cell" of the sponge that travels from the choanocytes to the pinacocytes via the mesogleam and can differintiate into different cells to create structure |
| Pinacocytes | t shaped epithelial cells that regulate water intake and form the outer layer called the pinacoderm |
| sponge body forms | -ascon -sycon -leucon |
| osculum | exit hole, jets water out |
| spongocoel | cavity in the center of the sponge |
| ostium | opening on the pinacoderm to let in food |
| porocyte | the cell that controls the opening of the ostium |
| leuconoid | large sponge type that has the best efficiency in food intake because of its small flagellated chambers |
| asconoid | straight and simple tubed sponge type |
| syconoid | similar to the asconoid sponge type, but there are more folds in the epidermis to ensure better efficiency |
| class of sponges that have a skeletal structure made of CaCO3 spicules | Class Calcarea |
| class of sponges that have a skeletal structure made of Si spicules | Class Hexactinellida |
| class of sponges that have a skeletal structure that may contain spongin fibers | Class Demospongiae |
| How have freshwater sponges been able to adapt to harsh winters? | Primary goal is to reproduce, so they use gemmules to ensure the next generations survival through winter (gemmules can get cold, adult sponges can't) |
| jellyfish, sea anenomes, and hydras all belong to this phylum | Phylum Cnidaria |
| two forms of cnidarians, and the differences between the two | Medusa- slow-floating (jellyfish) Polyp- mostly sessile (hydra) |
| Why is the green hydra green? | Algae lives inside the hydra and help it break down any other food the hydra eats. The green comes from the chlorophyll that the algae is made of, and can help the hydra receive oxygen. |
| budding | a form of reproduction in polyp cnidarians by forming a clone from the main body of the organism and breaking off from the parent. |
| Phylum Cnidaria- one way or two way "gut"? | Two way... the mouth and the ass are the same. |
| Phylum Cnidaria- what kind of symmetry | radial |
| Phylum Cnidaria- two tissue layers | epidermis (from the ectoderm) and the gastrodermis (from the endoderm) |
| what is a cnidocyte | cells on the epidermis that contain cnidae |
| nematocyst? | the part of the cnidae that is barbed and activated in self defence |
| operculum? | the cover of the undischarged cnidocyte |
| planula | the free swimming "seed" of a cnidarian |
| class of cnidarians that consists of hydras, obelia, gonionemus, and physalia | Class Hydrozoan |
| class of cnidarians that consists of aurelia | Class Scyphozoa |
| class of cnidarians that consists of cuboids | Class Cubozoa |
| class of cnidarians that consists of anenomes, coral | Class Anthozoa |
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