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Vocabulary BIO 21-22
Vocab flashcards for Aaron Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DGene | A section of DNA that provides the instructions for making proteins |
| Genome | The entire set of genes in an organism |
| Alleles | Different versions of the same gene |
| Homozygous | Two of the same alleles (Ex. AA or aa) |
| Heterozygous | Two different alleles (Ex. Aa) |
| Dominant | If present, allele will always have that trait expressed (seen) |
| Recessive | Allele will only have that trait expressed (seen) when the dominant allele is not present |
| Genotype | The actual alleles inherited (Ex. genes that code for flower color such as FF, Ff, or ff) |
| Phenotype | The physical traits/characteristics seen in an organism (Ex. purple flowers) |
| Punnett Square | A diagram that shows the probability of inheriting traits from parents with certain genes |
| Monohybrid Cross | A cross between two organisms looking at one trait (type of punnett square) |
| Principle/Law of Segregation | When chromosomes separate in meiosis, each gamete (egg or sperm) will receive only one chromosome from each pair |
| Principle/Law of Independent Assortment | The assortment of chromosomes for one trait doesn’t affect the assortment of chromosomes for another trait |
| Dihybrid Cross | Used when finding the possible genotypes for offspring when considering two traits at the same time. |
| Incomplete Dominance | The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes. Meaning… neither allele is completely dominant or recessive (Ex. Red and white flowers make pink flowers) |
| Codominance | Both traits are fully and separately expressed (Ex. Red and white flowers make red and white speckled flowers) (Ex. Blood type AB is fully A and fully B) |
| Polygenic Inheritance | A trait produced by two or more genes (Ex. skin color, eye color, height, personality) |
| Sex-linked Gene | Genes located on the sex chromosomes. If on the X, they are ‘X-linked’. If on the Y, they are ‘Y-linked’ |
| Purebred | Also called HOMOZYGOUS and consists of gene pairs with genes that are the SAME |
| Hybrid | Also called HETEROZYGOUS and consists of gene pairs that are DIFFERENT |
| Pedigree | Chart used to trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry diseases or traits |
| Biotechnology | Use and application of living things and biological processes |
| Clone | Genetically identical copy of a single gene or an entire organism |
| Genetic Engineering | Process of changing an organism’s DNA to give the organism new traits |
| Recombinant DNA | Genetically engineered DNA that contains genes from more than one organism or species |
| Plasmid | Circular piece of genetic material found in bacteria that can replicate separately from the DNA of the main chromosome |
| Transgenic | Organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species |
| Geonomics | Study and comparison of genomes within a single species or among different species |
| Human Genome Project | Project whose goal is to map, sequence, and identify all of the genes in the human genome |
| Genetic Screening | Process of testing DNA to determine the chance a person has, or might pass on, a genetic disorder |
| Gene Therapy | Procedure to treat a disease in which a defective or missing gene is replaced or a new gene is inserted into a patient’s genome |
| Gene Pool | Collection of alleles found in all of the individuals of a population |
| Allele Frequency | Proportion of one allele, compared with all the alleles for that trait, in the gene pool |
| Recombination | New allele combinations form in offspring |
| Variation | Differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it belongs |
| Normal Distribution | Distribution in a population in which allele frequency is highest near the mean range value and decreases progressively toward each extreme end |
| Microevolution | Observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over a few generations |
| Natural Selection | Mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals |
| Stabilizing Selection | Pathway of natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes are selected over phenotypes at both extremes |
| Directional Selection | Pathway of natural selection in which one uncommon phenotype is selected over a more common phenotype |
| Disruptive Selection | Pathway of natural selection in which two opposite, but equally uncommon, phenotypes are selected over the most common phenotype |
| Speciation | Evolution of two or more species from one ancestral species |
| Gene Flow | Physical movement of alleles from one population to another |
| Genetic Drift | Change in allele frequencies due to chance alone, occurring most commonly in small populations |
| Bottleneck Effect | Genetic drift that results from an event that drastically reduces the size of a population |
| Founder Effect | Genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area |
| Sexual Selection | Selection in which certain traits enhance mating success; traits are, therefore, passed on to offspring |
| Nonrandom Mating | Individuals prefer mates with particular physical characteristics or individuals similar to themselves. |
| Random Mating | Individuals mate regardless of any physical, genetic, or social preference |
| Reproductive Isolation | Final stage in speciation, in which members of isolated populations are either no longer able to mate or no longer able to produce viable offspring |
| Behavioral Isolation | Isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior |
| Geographic Isolation | Isolation between populations due to physical barriers |
| Biogeography | Study of the distribution of organisms around the world |
| Comparative Anatomy | Comparison of body parts of different species |
| Comparative Embryology | Comparison of similarity of features in embryos |
| Homologous Structure | Body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions |
| Analogous Structure | Structures that perform a similar function but are not similar in origin |
| Vestigial Structures | Remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor |
| Fossil | Trace of an organism from the past |
| Relative Dating | Estimate of the age of a fossil based on the location of fossils in strata |
| Half-life | Amount of time it takes for half of the isotope in a sample to decay into is product isotope |
| Speciation | Evolution of two or more species from one ancestral species |
| Convergent Evolution | Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species, resulting from adaptations to similar environmental conditions |
| Divergent Evolution | Evolution of one or more closely related species into different species; resulting from adaptations to different environmental conditions |
| Coevolution | Process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other |
| Extinction | Elimination of a species from Earth |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | Theory that states that speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little evolutionary change |
| Gradualism | Principle that states that the changes in landforms result from slow changes over a long period of time |
| Adaptive Radiation | Process by which one species evolves and gives rise to many descendant species that occupy different ecological niches. |
| Primate | Mammal with flexible hands and feet, forward-looking eyes, and enlarged brains relative to body size |
| Hominids | Primate group that includes orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans, as well as their immediate ancestors |
| Bipedal | Animal that walks on two legs |
| Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain, coordinating movement, thought, reasoning, and memory; includes the cerebral cortex and the white matter beneath it |
| Frontal Lobe | Responsible for personality, reasoning, and judgment; also coordinates voluntary movement and speech production |
| Parietal Lobe | The sensory cortex, which interprets and coordinates information regarding the sense of touch, is contained in this lobe |
| Occipital Lobe | Visual information is processed in this lobe |
| Temporal Lobe | Speech interpretation and hearing are functions carried out by the temporal lobe; it also plays a role in memory |
| Cerebellum | Part of the brain that coordinates and regulates all voluntary muscle movement and maintains posture and balance |
| Brain Stem | Structure that connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls breathing and heartbeat |
| Pons | Part of the brain stem; regulates breathing and passes signals between the brain and the spinal cord |
| Medulla Oblongata | Part of the brain stem; connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls basic life-sustaining functions, such as heart function, vomiting, swallowing, and coughing |
| Nebula | Rotating cloud of gas and dust |
| Ribozyme | RNA molecule that can catalyze specific chemical reactions |
| Cyanobacteria | Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis |
| Endosymbiosis | Ecological relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another |
| Organic Molecules | Carbon based and contain carbon-carbon bonds |
| Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis | Proposed that an input of energy from lightning led to the formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules present in the atmosphere |
| Miller-Urey Experiment | A laboratory model was used to represent the conditions of early Earth; the experiment demonstrated that organic molecules can be made from inorganic molecules |
| Taxonomy | Science of classifying and naming organisms |
| Taxon | Level within the Linnaean system of classification (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, or species) that is organized into a nested hierarchy |
| Classification | a group of similar organisms |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Naming system in which each species is given an two-part scientific name (genus and species) using Latin words |
| Linnaean Taxonomy | Naming system devised by Linnaeus that standardized the way organisms are classified and named |
| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a group of related species |
| Cladistics | Method of organizing species by evolutionary relationships in which species are grouped according to the order that they diverged from their ancestral line |
| Cladogram | Diagram that displays proposed evolutionary relationships among a group of species |
| Derived Character | Trait that differs in structure or function from that found in the ancestral line for a group of species; used in constructing cladograms |
| Nodes | In a cladogram, the intersection of two branches |
| Clades | In a cladogram, a group of organisms that share certain traits derived from a common ancestor |
| Domains | Includes Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| Bacteria | One of the three domains of life, containing single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria |
| Archaea | One of the three domains of life, containing single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea |
| Eukarya | one of the three domains of life, contains all eukaryotes in kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia |
| Mitochondrial DNA | DNA found only in mitochondria |
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jp07344
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