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Animal Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nupital gift | a gift provided to the female in order for the male to mate without being eaten alive |
| balloon fly evolution | 1: brought nothing, was eaten, 2: brought prey, was eaten anyways 3: brought wrapped prey, mated/got away 4: brought wrapping only, mated/got away |
| origin of the study in animal behavior | paleolithic art displays indirect evidence that humans observed the behavior of animals |
| Blurton Jones | documented Kalahari Bushmen's knowledge of animal behavior, suggesting ancient roots in the study. (1976) |
| anthromorphism | giving human characteristics to a nonhuman thing |
| ethology | study of animal behavior |
| ethogram | survey of listen behavior |
| pure ethology vs applied ethology | pure=study in native state applied= captivity and domesticated activity |
| Niko Tinbergen | demonstrated digger wasps use of visual landmarks for nest location |
| Konrad Lorenz | examined genetically programmed behaviors in young (imprinting) |
| Karl von Frisch | pioneered studies in bee communication and foraging- honey bees have color vision |
| the theory of evolution through natural selection | differences in a population that prove beneficial outlast during crises, whereas differences that are damaging make the animal die. (these differences determine extinction and species differentiation) |
| proximate factors | driven by brain/hormones; answer "how" |
| ultimate factors | driven by genetics/evolution (survival); answers "why" |
| cross-fostering | when a species nests and raises accidental offspring of another |
| Learned vs instinctive behaviors | learned=learned from parents or experience instinctive= fully functional first time it's preformed, and mechanically triggered by a cue. |
| Full Action Pattern | an action that runs completion, activated by a sensory cue, regardless on the necessity. (Grey Lay Goose, pulling in eggs, even when eggs are gone.) |
| code breaker | a species that performs a cue to exploit a FAP. |
| supernormal stimulus | the action that is exaggerated by the code breaker. |
| genotype | genetic make-up |
| phenotype | appearance |
| how genotype influences behavior | codes design mechanisms... those drive behavior |
| allele | T or t |
| gene | TT, Tt, or tt |
| homozygous vs heterozygous | same alleles vs a mix |
| to test if behavior is driven by genes or environment | isolate the environment, and observe behavior |
| sources of genetic variation | sexual reproduction, mutation, migration |
| bottleneck effect | where the effect of a major population change inhibits diverse gene combinations |
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