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Beatty
Chapter 5 - The Working Cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. | active site |
| The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring input of energy (often as ATP). | active transport |
| Main energy source for cells. | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| A transport protein in the plasma membrane of some plant or animal cells that facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis | aquaporin |
| A series of metabolic processes that take place within a cell in which biochemical energy is harvested from organic substance (e.g. glucose) and stored as energy carriers (ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell. | cellular respiration |
| Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy. | chemical energy |
| An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as these in important metabolic reactions. | coenzyme |
| A nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. | cofactor |
| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. It' structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate. | competitive inhibitor |
| An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain ________ of ions across their membranes. Substances tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. | concentration gradient |
| The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated | diffusion |
| An energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. The amount of energy stored in the products equals the difference between the potential energy in the reactants and that in the products. | endergonic reaction |
| Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane. | endocytosis |
| The capacity to perform work, or to rearrange matter. | energy |
| In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. | energy coupling |
| The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start. | energy of activation |
| A measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion. | entropy |
| A protein (or RNA molecule) that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process. | enzyme |
| An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products. The reaction releases an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products. | exergonic reaction |
| The movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane. | exocytosis |
| The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient. | facilitated diffusion |
| A method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. | feedback inhibition |
| The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | first law of thermodynamics |
| A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules. | fluid mosaic |
| Thermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. This is energy in its most random form. | heat |
| In comparing two solutions, the one with the greater concentration of solutes; cells in such a solution will lose water to their surroundings. | hypertonic solution |
| In comparing two solutions, the one with the lower concentration of solutes; cells in such a solution will take up water from their surroundings. | hypotonic solution |
| The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, induced by entry of the substrate so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. | induced fit |
| A solution having the same solute concentration as another solution, thus having no effect on passage of water in or out of the cell. | isotonic solution |
| The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter. | kinetic energy |
| A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. | metabolic pathway |
| The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. | metabolism |
| A substance that impedes the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer functions. | noncompetitive inhibitor |
| Method by which organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water. | osmoregulation |
| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. | osmosis |
| The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, without any input of energy. | passive transport |
| Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm. | phagocytosis |
| The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by this. | phosphorylation |
| Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles. | pinocytosis |
| The energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds are examples | potential energy |
| The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles. The vesicles contain proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in. | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| The principle whereby every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. | second law of thermodynamics |
| A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks the passage of other substances altogether. | selective permeability |
| (1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface in or on which an organism lives. | substrate |
| The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter. | thermodynamics |
| The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. | tonicity |
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