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Anatomy Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. | axon |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the __________ divisions. | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system? | tracts |
| Neurons have | very limited capacity to repair themselves. |
| This is the site of communication between neurons. Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location. | synapse |
| What are the structural classifications of neurons | bipolar, unipolar, multipolar |
| Identify which diagram represents a cell that produces a myelin sheath in the central nervous system. | oligodendrocytes; The cell has a rounded, dark nucleus with clumped chromatin |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron |
| The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the _____ nervous system | Central |
| Identify the letter that indicates the region of a neuron with a name that means "little hill." | The junction of the axon and the cell body |
| What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers? | neurilemma |
| Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the | white matter of the nervous system. |
| This tends to be the longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron. | axon |
| cells that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. | ependymal cells; surrounded by fluid filled cavity |
| Which glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cells |
| The most abundant and largest category of glial cells in the CNS. | astrocytes (also called astroglia); star shaped cells |
| The region of a neuron where neurotransmitters are released. | axon terminal; branches at the end of neuron |
| Schwann cell | main glial cells of the peripheral nervous system which wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form the myelin sheath. |
| The _____ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body. | axon |
| The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the | astrocytes |
| The _____ nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integrators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently. | enteric |
| the gaps between Schwann cells | myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier). |
| A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n) | reflex arc |
| Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called | neurons |
| The somatic nervous system carries information to the | skeletal muscles |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: | dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n) | sensory neuron |
| Schwann cells have a function in the PNS that is similar to that of which cells in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves | sensory |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Evaluate and detect changes in the internal and external environment |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| Functions of the CNS include | Integrating sensory information, Evaluating the information, Initiating an outgoing response |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. | multipolar |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| a neuron with only two extensions—an axon and a dendrite—that run from opposite sides of the cell body | bipolar |
| In the human nervous system: | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | cell bodies |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | nuclei |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: | sensory neurons |
| Which is true of a reflex arc? | It always consists of an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. |
| The autonomic nervous system does not stimulate: | skeletal muscles |
| The nervous system can be divided: | according to its structure, according to direction of information flow, by control of effectors. |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | toward |
| Astrocytes attach to: | neurons and blood vessels |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | dopamine |
| The inner protective covering of the brain is called the | meninges |
| primary visual cortex, which receives information from neurons in the retina of the eye? | in occipital lobe; above cerebellum |
| Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking? | frontal lobe toward middle of brain |
| choroid plexus, which produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in all four ventricles of the brain | lateral, third and fourth ventricles of the brain |
| pelvic sympathetic trunk? | situated in front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina |
| cranial nerve that has three major branches? | The trigeminal nucleus extends throughout the brainstem, from the midbrain to the medulla, continuing into the cervical cord |
| epithelial tactile complexes (Merkel discs), light pressure receptors found in the epidermis? | bottom (basal) layer of the epidermis, about 0.1 mm from skin's surface. |
| The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the | intestinal wall. |
| the left vagus nerve? | enters the thorax between left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery and descends on the aortic arch. |
| tactile corpuscle (Meissner's corpuscle) that is responsive to light pressure? | in the superficial portions of the dermis. |
| Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the | gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. |
| cranial nerve that has motor fibers that innervate muscles of facial expression? | on either side of the brainstem, at the top of the medulla |
| celiac ganglion and plexus? | the union of two large celiac ganglia, located at T12 and L1 |
| The dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized as a swelling called the | dorsal root ganglion. |
| lamellar corpuscle (Pacinian corpuscle) that rapidly adapts to deep pressure stimuli? | in the deep layers of the skin (dermis and hypodermis), as well as deep tissues like joints and ligaments |
| The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the | medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. |
| the primary somatosensory cortex? | is located in the anterior part of the parietal lobe, |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord? | 31 |
| cranial nerve that transmits olfactory impulses? | at the olfactory bulb, located just above the ethmoid bone and below the frontal lobe |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | Vestibule |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | beta cells |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum. |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | Adrenal gland |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells | tectorial membrane |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum. |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium. |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia. |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? | tunica intima |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| The brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the | head, neck, and upper extremity. |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? | elastic arteries |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood | hematocrit |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the | papillary muscles. |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | plasma |
| Which sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles? | precapillary sphincters |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. | head and upper extremities |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are | Capillaries |
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