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coast and defences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Headland | is a stretch offend jutting into the sea |
| bay | is an opening in the coast line |
| spit | it is a special type of beach extending out into the sea. it is a long finger of sand and shingle that often grows out across a bay or the mouth of a river. |
| Process of headland erosion | Cave: Notch cut into headland Arch: Back wall of cave eroded all the way through Stack: Top of arch gets too heavy and breaks Stump: Stack is eroded and might have collapsed |
| Factors affecting coastal erosion | Topography (steep or shallow coastline), Resistance of shoreline rocks, erosive force of daily currents/tides, frequency+intensity of high energy storms/abnormal events (hurricanes, tsunamis), frequency+intensity of tectonic events |
| Methods of Coastal Management (Soft Engineering) | natural defences, Beach Replenishment, growing vegetation, managed retreat |
| Methods of Coastal Management (Hard Engineering) | man made defences Sea wall, wooden groynes, gabion baskets, Rip-rap, revetments |
| Growing vegetation | Absorbs some of the impact of waves and water, buffers waves |
| Managed retreat | The relocation of things in danger from coastal erosion |
| Gabion baskets | Mesh steel cages filled with rocks, similar effect to sea walls and groynes, Life span of 20-25 years |
| Revetments | Slatted wooden/concrete structures at the base of a cliff |
| Disadvantages of coastal management | Costly, mess with natural system and might have consequences worse than the initial problem, they're localised and might be problematic for other areas of the coast |
| Fjords | Long narrow valleys with steep sides, created by glaciers, glacial valleys that go below sea level |
| beaches | one of the most common features of our shoreline. They are formed when the material worn away from one part of the coast is carried along and dropped somewhere please. a beach is a depositional feature. |
| sea walls | sea walls stop the waves reaching the land. they reflect the waves back to sea but this can wash way the beach. they give good protection bt are expensive and may need to be repaired in time. |
| beach replenishment | this repacks the sand and shingle which has been lost from the beach. the beach absorbs the wave energy and is a good defence against the sea. It protects the land or sea wall behind the beach and looks more natural. |
| groynes | these are built down the beach and into the sea about 200 meters apart. they slow the movement of material along the coast and help build up the beach. the beach helps protect the land. rock groins are expensive |
| rip-rap | this is a mixture of large boulders and concrete blocks which protect the coast by breaking up the waves. they don't protect cliffs as well as sea wall but they do help retain the beach. they can look ugly and make beach access difficult. |
Created by:
hansikag!
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