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Cell Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the red cell ghosts, the reason phospholipid 1 (PL1) reaches a plateau more quickly than phospholipid 2 (PL2) is because | The nitroxide radical of Pl1 is more accessible to ascorbate than the nitroxide radical of Pl2 |
| Which of the following is TRUE regarding the ESR signals in intact red blood cells | PL1 is reduced by the cytosol on the inner half of the bilayer |
| The reason that PL2 shows similar results in both intact red cells and red ghosts is | PL2 is protected from reduction by the cytosol by virtue of its location on the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipid |
| In order to generate intact red blood cells that are spin labeled only on the outer half of the bilayer, one would use | PL1 w/out ascorbate |
| In order to generate intact red blood cells that are spin labeled only on the inner half of the bilayer, one would use | PL2 w/ ascorbate |
| Which of the following phospholipids carries a net negative charge | phosphatidylserine |
| Phospholipids are synthesized on the cytosolic surface of the | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which of the following is NOT a way INTERGRAL membrane proteins can attach to the plasma membrane | Non-covalent attachment to other integral membrane proteins Can attach using: -transmembrane a-helix -a b-barrel -covalent attachment to a phospholipid |
| Which of the following is a potential function of integral membrane proteins | All of the above -anchors -enzymes -receptors -transporters |
| You have prepared lipid vesicles that contain Na+-K+ pumps as the sole membrane protein...Under which of the following conditions would you expect the Na+-K+ pump to work | The solution inside contains K+ and ATP; the solution outside contains Na+ and ATP |
| Which of the following shows the correct order of molecules with regard to their ability to cross a phospholipid bilayer. The order is from most to least permeant | O2, ethanol, H2O, Glucose, Ca2+, RNA |
| You have prepared lipid vesicles that contain molecules of the K+ -leak channel, all oriented so that their cytosolic surfaces face the outside of the vesicle. If there are equal concentrations of K+ ions inside and outside the vesicles *** | **NOT POSITIVE ON THIS ANSWER*** There will be no net movement of K+ ions |
| In order for an integral membrane protein consisting of multiple a-helices to form an aqueous pore | the a-helices must be amphipathic |
| Which one of the following statements about biomembranes is correct | Because phospholipid molecules are free to rotate around their long axes and more laterally within a leaflet, biomembranes are considered to be two-dimensional fluids |
| The ion channel responsible for the initial perception of sound is an example of a | mechanically-gated ion channel |
| Which of the following is not true of glycolysis | it has a NET yield of 4 ATP per glucose True that: -req investment of 2 ATP b4 a 6-C compound is split into two 3-C compounds -final product is pyruvate -requires NAD+ |
| The space enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane is referred to as the | stroma |
| The figure above represents the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell. RED arrows represent SECRETORY pathways...the box labeled A represents the | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| The ion channel responsible for the depolarization of the axonal membrane during an action potential is an example of a | none of the above I think it's voltage-gated sodium channels |
| After the first 3 steps of glycolysis and the investment of two ATP, ----- is produced | Fructose-1,6-biphosphate |
| Which of the following organelles is surrounded buy two layers of membrane | nucleus (also mitochondria and chloroplasts) |
| The ion channels found in neuronal dendrites that respond to signals from neighboring neurons are examples of | ligand-gated ion channels |
| Fatty acids are metabolized by a cycle that converts a fatty acyl CoA into acetyl CoA. How many turns of this cycle would be required to fully convert stearic acid (an 18 Carbon fatty acid) to acetyl CoA | 9 |
| Which of the following best describes the location of the chloroplast electron transport chain | thylkoid membrane |
| The figure above represents the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell. RED arrows...The box made by the letter B represents the | Golgi apparatus |
| The signal in terminal branches of neurons that triggers the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft following an action potential is | An influx of Ca2+ |
| The citric acid cycle takes place in the | mitochondrial matrix |
| The advantage to the cell of the gradual oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration compared with its combustion to CO2 and H2O in a single step is | energy can be extracted in usable amounts |
| Which of the following correctly describes the relative ion concentration and membrane potential across the plasma membrane | High K+ and negative charge inside |
| Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle | all are true -produces several high energy e- carries (NADH and FADH2) -Acetyl-CoA reacts w/oxaloacetate to produce citrate -yields one GTP per turn of the cycle |
| Which of the following steps or processes result in the production of CO2 | both A and D (formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate, the citric acid cycle) |
| Which of the following organelles is responsible for packaging of proteins for secretion or delivery to other cell organelles | golgi apparatus |
| The use of a Na+ gradient to drive the import of glucose from the intestinal lumen to the cell interior is an example of | all of the above -symport -a coupled carrier -active transport |
| NOT counting the formation fo acetyl-CoA | three molecules of NADH are generated |
| Though both mitochondria and chloroplasts utilize a proton gradient as a source of energy for synthesizing ATP, these gradients differ in which of the following ways | all of the above -proton gradient in chloro's is greater than in mito's -cholor's pump protons into small membrane bound spaces (thylkoid) while mito's pump into intermembrane space -chloro proton gradient solely chemical, mito is chem and elec |
| The figure above represent the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell...the box labeled D represents the | early endosome |
| Which of the following is NOT true of the Na+-K+ pump | It pumps Na+ into cytosol and K+ out of cytosol TRUE that: -generates an electrical and chemical gradient -uses approx. 1/3 of the typical cells ATP |
| Under intense physical activity, skeletal muscles generate ATP primarily through glycolysis, and produce a large amount of lactic acid in the process. The reason for producing lactic acid is | It serves to regenerate NAD+, which is required to keep glycolysis going |
| Which of the following shows the correct order for flow of electrons through the electron transport chain | NADH dehydrogenase complex -> Ubiquinone -> Cytochrome b-c1 complex -> cytochrome C -> Cytochrome oxidase complex -> O2 |
| Which of the following organelles imports proteins by transmembrane transport? | mitochondria |
| A strain of bacteria secretes a toxin that can lyse human RBC...What type of protein is the bacterial toxin made of | a b(beta)-barrel protein |
| In which of the following organelles/locations does glycolysis occur | cytosol |
| Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle produces NADH, FADH2 and ATP and GTP through substrate level phosphorylation. All of these products are eventually used to generate ATP, and the majority of this ATP ultimately derives from | NADH |
| Which of the following organelles belongs to a different group from the others | nucleus |
| The resting membrane potential of a cell is due primarily to | K+ leak channels |
| Higher plants have evolved two photosystems that work in series. The purpose of this arrangement is | It allows the plant to capture enough energy to take e- from water to reduce NADP+ and have enough energy left to generate a proton gradient |
| The function of signal recognition particle(SRP) involved in ER protein import is to | all of the above -dock with the SRP receptor -recognize and bind to the ER import signal -temporarily halt translation |
| regions of exposed axon between Schwann cells are known as | none of the above They are called nodes of Ranvier |
| The liht reactions of photosynthesis refer to | the reactions of photosystem I and II |
| The following organelles receive protein cargo by vesicular transport EXCEPT | None of the above (all are true) =lysosome -endosome -plasma membrane -golgi apparatus |
| Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of cell membranes a. Phosphatidylethanolamine b. Phosphatidylserine c. Phosphatidylcholine d. Sphingomyelin e. None of the above (all are major constituents) | e. none of the above (all are major constituents) |
| Which of the following phospholipid movements RARELY occurs spontaneously? a. Rotation b. Flexion c. Lateral diffusion d. flip-flop e. None of the above (they all occur frequently) | d. flip-flop |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of cholesterol in cell membranes? a. Decrease permeability b. Lower freezing temperature c. Decrease fluidity d. Prevent oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids e. All of the above | d. prevent oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids |
| Phospholipids are synthesized on the cytosolic surface of the a. ER b. Golgi c. Endosome d. Plasma Membrane e. None of the above | a. ER |
| Which of the following is NOT a way INTEGRAL membrane proteins can attach to the plasma membrane? | c. non-covalent attachment to another integral membrane protein |
| Which of the following is a potential function of integral membrane proteins? a. Transporters b. Enzymes c. Anchors d. Receptors e. All of the above | e. All of the above |
| Which of the following shows the correct order of molecules with regard to their ability to cross a phospholipid bilayer? The order is from most to least permeant | O2, ethanol, H2O, glucose, Ca2+, RNA |
| Which of the following is a mechanism for preventing the free diffusion of membrane proteins? a. attachment to the cytoskeleton b. attachment to the cell cortex c. attachment to proteins of neighboring cells d. diffusion barriers e. all of the above | e. all of the above |
| The sodium potassium pump uses which of the following sources of energy? a. ATP b. The Ram-GTPase c. A sodium gradient d. A potassium gradient e. all of the above | a. ATP |
| The ion channel responsible for the initial perception of sound is an example of a a. voltage-gated ion channel b. ligand-gated ion channel c. mechanically-gated ion channel d. anti-port channel e. none of the above | d. mechanically-gated ion channel |
| The signal in terminal branches of neurons that triggers the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft following an action potential is a. an influx of Ca2+ b. an influx of Na2+ c. An efflux of K+ d. An influx of Cl- e. All of the above | a. An influx of Ca2+ |
| Which of the following correctly describes the relative ion concentrations and membrane potentials across the plasma membrane? | c. High K+ and negative charge inside |
| The use of a Na+ gradient to drive the import of glucose from the intestinal lumen to the cell interior is an example of a. Active transport b. a coupled carrier c. antiport d. all of the above e. A and B only | e. A and B only |
| Potassium channels are able to selectively pass K+ ions and exclude Na+ ions because | d. K+ ions gain more favorable bonding interactions in the K+ channels selectivity filter, making it more energetically favorable for K+ ions to pass through |
| A strain of bacteria secretes a toxin... What type of protein is the bacterial toxin most likely to be? | a beta-barrel protein |
| Which of the following organelles is surrounded by two layers of membrane? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. nucleus c. lysosome d. peroxisome e. vacuole | b. nucleus |
| Which of the following organelles contains the highest fraction of cell membrane in a typical eukaryotic cell? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. nucleus c. plasma membrane d. golgi e. none of the above | a. endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which of the following organelles is responsible for packaging of proteins for secretion or delivery to other cell organelles? a. the peroxisome b. endosome c. golgi d. lysosome e. none of the above | c. golgi |
| Which of the following organelles imports proteins by transmembrane transport? a. nucleus b. mitochondria c. endosome d. golgi e. none of the above | b. mitochondria |
| In the absence of a signal sequence, a protein will be located in a. the nucleus b. the ER c. the plasma membrane d. the lysosome e. none of the above | e. none of the above |
| Which of the following is NOT required for protein import into the ER? a. an ER signal sequence b. a signal recognition particle (SRP) c. a chaperone d. a signal recognition particle receptor (SRP receptor) e. none of the above (all are required) | c. a chaperone |
| The energy necessary for nuclear import comes from a. ATP b. A sodium concentration gradient c. an electrochemical gradient d. a proton gradient e. GTP | GTP |
| Which of the following about glycolysis is FALSE? | (None, these are true) a. it requires an investment of 2 ATPs before a 6 carbon compound is split into two 3-carbon compounds b. it has a NET yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule c. the final product is pyruvate d. it requires NAD+ |
| the citric acid cycle takes place in: a. the cytosol b. the mitochondrial intermembrane space c. the mitochondria matrix d. the peroxisome e. all of the above | c. the mitochondrial matrix |
| Under intense physical activity, skeletal muscles generate ATP primarily through glycolysis, and produce a large amount of lactic acid in the process. The reason for producing lactic acid is | a. it serves to regenerate NAD+, which is required to keep glycolysis going |
| In which of the following organelles does glycolysis occur? a. ER b. Mitochondrion c. lysosome d. all of the above e. none of the above | e. none of the above |
| The advantage to the cell of the gradual oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration compared with its combusting to CO2 and H2O in a single step is | c. energy can be extracted in usable amounts |
| Which of the following steps of processes result in the production of carbon dioxide? a. formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate b. glycolysis c. oxidative phosphorylation d. the citric acid cycle e. both a and d | e. both a and d |
| Given a mixture of all the enzymes of the citric acid cycle plus water, NAD+, GDP, phosphate, FAD+, and coenzyme A, which of the following compounds could support conversion of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide? | a. oxaloacetate b. citrate c. isocitrate d. fumarate |
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