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Digestive system (1)
Bio 3 Lecture 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are heterotrophs? | Organisms that feed from other organisms. |
| Heterotrophs are divided into 3 groups, what are they? | Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores |
| What are herbivores? | Animals that eat plants exclusively such as cattle |
| What are carnivores? | Animals that eat other animals such as sharks, hawks and spiders |
| What are omnivores? | Animals that eat both plants and other animals such as humans, cockroaches and crows. |
| What does a adequate diet must supply? | 1) Chemical energy for cellular processes 2) Building blocks for macromolecules 3) Essential nutrients, the materials that an animal cell requires but synthesize |
| What are the 4 essential nutrients? | 1) Essential amino acids 2) Essential fatty acids 3) Vitamins 4) Minerals |
| [Amino acids] How many AA does a human require to make proteins? How many can the body synthesize? | Humans require 20 amino acids to make proteins and can synthesize about half of these AA |
| [Amino acids] How are the rest of amino acids obtained? How are they called? | The rest of AA are obtained from food and are called essential |
| [Fatty acids] Can the animal body synthesize fatty acids? How? | Yes, they can synthesize fatty acids with the enzymes produced by the animal body. Some cannot be made by the human body. |
| [Fatty acids] What fatty acid can't be synthesize by the human body? How are they provided to the human body? | Cannot make unsaturated fatty acids (double bonds), they are provided by seeds, grains and vegetables |
| [Vitamins] What are vitamins, give an example. | They are organic molecules with diverse functions and are required in a diet in very small amounts. Example: Vitamin B2 |
| [Minerals] What are minerals, give examples. | They are inorganic nutrients required in small amounts. Examples: sodium, potassium and chloride |
| [Vitamin Required] What is the function of Vitamin A (retinol), its source and the defiency symptoms | 1) Used in making visual pigments, maintaining epithelial tissues. 2) Green vegetables, milk products, liver 3) Night blindness, flaky skin |
| [Vitamin Required] What is the function of B2 (riboflavin), its source and the defiency symptoms | 1) Part of coenzymes FAD and FMN, which play metabolic roles 2) Many different kinds of foods 3)Inflammation and breakdown of skin, eye irritaion |
| [Vitamin Required] What is the function of B12 (cyanocobalamin), its source and the defiency symptoms | 1) Coenzyme in the productionof nucleic acids 2) Red meats, dairy products 3) Percinious anemia (leads to death) |
| [Vitamin Required] What is the function of Vitamin C, its source and the defiency symptoms | 1) Important in forming collagen, cementum of bones, teeth, connective tissue of blood vessels, may help maintain resistance to infection 2) Fruit, green leafy vegetables 3) Scurvy, breakdown of skin, blood vessels |
| [Vitamin Required] What is the function of Vitamin D (calciferol), its source and the defiency symptoms | 1) Increases absorption of calcium and promotes bone formation 2) Dairy products, cod liver oil 3)Rickets, bone deformities |
| What is rickets and a defiencency of what causes it? | Caused by defiencency of vitamin D, causes the knees to point outwords |
| Eye irritation is caused by a difiency of what? | Lack of vitamin B2 |
| What causes anemia and what are some of the symptoms? | Lack of Vitamin B12, includes low blood pressure, repid heart rate, spleen enlargement, shortness of breath and muscular weakness |
| What are the main stages of food processing? | 1) Ingestion 2) Digestion 3) Absorption 4) Elimination |
| What is mechanical digestion? | The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb |
| What is chemical digestion? | The process of enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addtion of water |
| What is absorption? | The uptake of nutrients by blood cells |
| What is elimination? | The passage of undigested material out of the digestive compatment |
| How did primitive and multicellular animal digest their food? | Primitive digest their food intracellularly. Multicellular digest their food extracellularly (within digestive cavity or gastrovascular cavity) |
| Explain the digestive system of the phylum Cnidarian (cavity, opening, specialization). Give an example | They have a gastrovascular cavity which has only one opening (serves as mouth and anus). No specialization. Example: Hydra |
| Explain the digestive system of the phylum Platyhelminthes (cavity, opening, specialization). Give an example | They have a gastrovascular cavity which has only one opening. Example: Planarian |
| How is the digestive tube of more complex animals? | They have 2 openings: mouth and anus |
| How is the digestive tube of more complex animals called? What can it do? | Called a complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal. It can have specializedregions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion |
| Explain the digestive system of the phylum Arthropoda (opening, transport) | They have a digestive system with 2 openings: anus and mouth. There's a one-way transport of food |
| What are the divisions of the alimentary canal of the Arthropoda? | The foregut, midgut and hindgut |
| Does the phylum Annelida have a specialized digestive tract? If yes, what is it specialized for? Give example of organism | Yes, it's specialized for ingestion, storage, fragmentation (gizzard), digestiona and absorption of food. Example: Earthworm |
| Identify the parts of an earthworm | slide 17: Mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus, lumen of intestine, typhlosole |
| Explain the digestive system of the phylum Chordata (opening, transport, specialization). Example of organism | They have a complete alimentary canal. Mouth and anus, one-way transport. Some chordata have glizzard for fragmentation and other specialized regions of the digestive tube. Example: birds |
| Explain the digestive process of the phylum chordata | Birds lack teeth as part of their digestive system, food enters the mouth, the esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestine and waste exit from the anus |
| Is the digestive system of vertebrates specialized? | Yes, they have a very specialized digestive tract |
| What kind of fragmentation is involved in vertebrate digestion? | 1) Physical fragmentation (mechanical) 2) Chemical fragmentation (enzymatic) |
| What does the vertebrate digestive system consist of? | Tubular gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs |
| In vertebrate digestive system, what is the entry? | The mouth and the pharynx |
| In vertebrate digestive system, what delievers food to stomach? | The esophagus |
| In vertebrate digestive system, what takes care of preliminary digestion? | The stomach |
| In vertebrate digestive system, what takes care of digestion and absorption? | Small intestine |
| In vertebrate digestive system, what takes care of absorption of water and minerals? | Large intestine |
| In vertebrate digestive system, what expels wates? | Rectum |
| Name the accessory glands and organs that secrete digestive juices through ducts | 1) Salivary glands 2) Pancreas 3) Liver 4) Gallbladder |
| Identify the parts of the digestive system | Slide 22 |
| Where does mechanical digestion take place? | In the oral cavity |
| [Mechanical] What does the salivary glands do? | Delievers saliva to lubricate food |
| [Mechanical] What do teeth do? | Chew food into smaller particles |
| What enzyme is involved in chemical digestion? | Salivary amylase, initiating breakdown of glucose polymers in the mouth |
| What tooth does herbivores, carnivores and omnivores all have? | Incisors, premolars, canines and molars. |
| Tooth shapes are suited for.. | the particular diet of the animal |
| [Oral cavity] What does the tongue do? | Mixes food with saliva |
| [Oral cavity] What does the saliva do and how many salivary glands do human have? | Saliva lubricates food. Humans have 3 pairs of salivary glands |
| What is the pharynx? | The region we call our throat is the pharynx, a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea. |
| What does the trachea leads to? | To the lungs |
| The esophagus leads food from ... to ..., what process is used? | The esophagus conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis. |
| What causes the piglottis to block the entry to the trachea? | Swallowing |
| What happens during swallowing? | Food is pushed into the back of the mouth. The larynx will rise and is sealed off by the epiglottis. The bolus of food is forced into the esophagus instead of the trachea. As the bolus moves down the esophagus, the larynx relaxes. |
| What prevents food from going back into the esophagus? | When the bolus reaches the stomach, the sphincter prevents food from moving back into the esophagus |
| What are the functions of the stomach? | It stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme. Secretes intrinsic factor that binds to vitamin B12. Helps protect the body by destroying pathogenic bacteria (pH2) |
| Where is the stomach located and what are its division? | Located below the diaphragm. Divisions are: 1) Fundus= enlarged portion 2) Body= Central part of stomach 3)Pylorus= Lower portion |
| What are the cells found in the stomach? | Chief cells, parietal cells and endocrine cells |
| [Stomach] What do chief cells do? | They secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed wth hydrochloric acid in the stomach |
| [Stomach] What do parietal cells do? | They secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately. |
| [Stomach] What do endocrine cells do? | Secrete gastrin which influence digestive functions |
| What is gastric juice made up of? | Hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin |
| Explain the process of inactive pepsinogen to activate pepsin | 1) Pepsinogen and HCl are secreted 2) HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin 3) Pepsin activates more pepsinogen See Slide 32 |
Created by:
Malayka
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