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Endocrine system (2)
Bio 3 Lecture 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Recall what are the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands | 1) Anterior: TSH, GH, ACTH, PRL, LH, FSH 2) Posterior: ADH (water reabsorption) and oxytocin (Breast/uterus) |
| How is the thyroid gland shaped in humans? Where is it located? | The thyroid gland is shaped like a bow tie, and lies just below the Adam’s apple in the front of the neck |
| What does the thyroid gland secrete? | 1)Thyroxine (T4) 2)Triiodothyronine (T3) 3)Calcitonin |
| [Thyroid gland] What does thyroxine (T4) do? | Regulates the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism |
| [Thyroid gland] Adults with hypothyroidism have what? Symptoms | 1) Low prodution of thyroxine 2) Reduced metabolism and overweight |
| [Thyroid gland] Adults with hyperthyroidism have what? Symptoms | 1) High production of thyroxine 2) High metabolism and weight loss |
| [Thyroid gland] What are the physical symptoms of hyperthyroidism? | 1) Weight loss 2) Protruding eyes (sticking out) 3) Enlargement of the thyroid gland 4) High metabolism 5) Intolerance to heat |
| How do we call the enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck region? | Called the goiters |
| What can the goiters be cause by? | Iodine deficiency in the food (genre like of salt) and can be related to hyper and hypothyroidism |
| What does the thyroid gland stimulate the uptake of? | Thyroid gland stimulates the uptake of calcium into bones by secreting calcitonin |
| Draw the negative feedback mechanism of Ca 2+ | class notes or slide 8 |
| How do we call the 4 small glands attached to the thyroid? | The parathyroid glands |
| What hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands? | The parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| [Parathyroid] What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates? | Stimulates osteoclasts to disolve calcium in the bone matrix and release Ca 2+ into the blood. It stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+ from the urine. |
| Where are the adrenal glands located? | Located just above each kidney |
| What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands? | There the medulla (inner portion) and the cortex (outer part) |
| [Adrenal glands] What is the medulla stimulated by? What does it do? | Stimulates the sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system. It releases epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| [Adrenal gland Medulla] What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do? | 1) Trigger the "alarm" responses helping the body prepare for extreme efforst 2) Lead to an increase in: heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose level and blood flow to heart and muscle |
| [Adrenal gland] What is the cortex stimulated by? What does it do? | It's stimulated by the anterior pituitary gland, through the hormone ACTH. It secretes corticosteroids. |
| [Adrenal gland Cortex] What are the 2 types of corticosteroids and what do they do? | 1) Glucocorticoids (like cortisol) maintain glucose homeostatis and modulate some aspects of the immune response 2) Mineralcorticoids (like aldosterone) regulate mineral balance by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and excrete K+ *Steroids hormone |
| See image on page 16 | Looks like a multiple choice q. , she might ask to give the order of action |
| Explain the order of how the adrenal medulla works (basically this triggers this which is used for X) | 1) Adrenal medulla receives neural input from axon from sympathetic division of automatic nervous system 2) Leads to secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine et norepinephrine 3) The hormones trigger "alarm" responses |
| Where is the pancreas located? | Adjacent to the stomach |
| What connects the small intestine and the pancreas? | The pancreatic duct |
| What are the 2 hormones of the pancreas and what do they regulate? | Insulin and glucagon, which regulates blood glucose levels |
| [Pancreas] What is insulin secreted by and what does it stimulate? | Secreted by beta cells of the islets. Stimulates cellular reuptake of blood glucose and its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells or as fat in fat cells. |
| [Pancreas] What is glucagon secreted by and what does it promote? | Secreted by alpha cells of the islets and promotes the hydrolysis in the liver and fat adipose tissue |
| Draw the negative feebback mechanism of insulin and glucagon | Slide 21 |
| What is the full name of diabetes? | Diabetes Mellitus |
| What are the 2 types of diabetes? | A) Type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes) B) Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent diabetes) |
| What do ppl with Type 1 diabetes lack from and what do they need? | They lack insulin beta cells and are treated with daily injections of insulin |
| What do ppl with Type 2 diabetes lack from and what do they need? | They have low number of insulin receptors and can be treated by diet and exercice |
| What's the most common form of diabetes? | Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent diabetes) |
| What do the gonads consist of? | Ovaries for females and testes for males (for vertebrates) |
| What do the gonads produce? What does it do? | They produce sex steroids that regulate reproductive development |
| [Gonads] What are the "female" hormones | Estrogen and progestetone |
| [Gonads] What are the "male" hormones | Testosterone and its derivatives |
| Draw the negative feedback mechanism of the gonads (male and female) | slide 24 and class notes |
| Where is the pineal gland located? | Located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain |
| What are the functions of the pineal gland? | 1) Function as an endocrine gland by secreting the hormone melatonin 2) Reduces dispersal of melatonin granules 3) Regulates biological clocks |
| Insects undergo 2 types of transformations during post-embryonic development, what are they? | 1) Molting= Shedding of old exoskeleton 2) Metamorphosis= Radical transformation from the larval to the adult form |
| What hormone causes molting? | High levels of molting hormone causes molting |
| What hormone causes metamorphosis? | Low levels of juvenile hormone results in metamorphosis |
Created by:
Malayka
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