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Chapter 15 - Exam 4
General microbiology - BIO 175
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innate | - Non specific - Born with it - Hardly change - Quickly - First line of defense |
| First line of defense | - Structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens from entering the body - Skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems |
| Two major components of the body's first line of defense | 1) Epidermis 2) Dermis |
| Epidermis | - Multiple layers of tightly packed cells * Few pathogens can penetrate these layers * Shedding of dead skin cells removes microorganisms - Epidermal dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens |
| Dermis | Collagen fibers help skin resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms |
| What makes skin an effective barrier? | - Skin has chemicals that defend against pathogens - Perspiration secreted by sweat glands - Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands |
| Perspiration secreted by sweat glands | - Salts inhibits growth of pathogens - Antimicrobial peptides act against microorganisms - Lysozyme destroys cells wall of bacteria |
| Sebum secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands | - Helps keep skin pliable and less likely to break or tear - Lowers skin pH to a level inhibitory to many bacteria |
| How do mucous membranes protects against microorganisms? | - Mucous membranes line all body cavities open to environment - Epithelium - Deeper connective layer that supports the epithelium - Produce chemicals that defend against pathogens |
| Epithelium | - Thin outer covering of the mucous membranes - Epithelial cells are living - Tightly packed to prevent entry of many pathogens - Continual shedding of cells carries away microorganisms - Dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens - Goblet & ciliated |
| Lacrimal apparatus | - Produces and drains tears - Blinking spreads tears and washes surface of the eye - Lysozyme in tears destroys bacteria |
| What enzyme found in tears is antibacterial? | Lysozyme |
| Microbial antagonism | Microbiome competes with potential pathogens |
| How does are microbiome (normal flora) help protect us against disease? | Members of the microbiome make it hard for pathogens to compete - Consumption of nutrients - Create an environment unfavorable to other microorganisms - Prevent pathogens from attaching to host cells - Help stimulate the body’s second line of d. |
| Antimicrobial peptides | - Present in skin, mucous membranes, and neutrophils - Act against a variety of microbes - Work in several ways |
| What makes up the body’s second line of defense? | - Composed of cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes - Many of these components are contained in or originate in the blood |
| Plasma | - Mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients and proteins - Serum is the fluid remaining when clotting factors are removed - Contains iron-binding compounds - Complement proteins and antibodies are also found in plasma |
| Iron-binding compounds | - Iron needed for metabolism - Some microbes produce proteins that bind iron |
| Defensive blood cells | Leukocytes |
| Formed elements | Cells and fragments in plasma |
| Three types of formed elements | 1) Erythrocytes 2) Platelets 3) Leukocytes |
| Erythrocytes | Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Platelets | Involved in blood clotting |
| Leukocytes | - Involved in defending the body against invaders - Divide into granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| Granulocytes | Contain large granules that satin different colors |
| 3 types of granulocytes | 1) Basophils 2) Eosinophils 3) Neutrophils |
| Basophils | Stain blue with basic dye methylene blue |
| Eosinophils | Stain red/orange with acidic dye eosin |
| Neutrophils | Stain lilac white mix of acidic and basic dyes |
| Neutrophils and eosinophils | - Phagocytize pathogens - Capable of diapedesis |
| Agranulocytes | Cytoplasm appears uniform under a light microscope |
| Two types of agranulocytes | 1) Lymphocytes 2) Monocytes |
| Lymphocytes | - Most involved in adaptive immunity - Natural killer lymphocytes |
| Monocytes | - Leave the blood and mature into macrophages - Phagocytic cells that devour foreign objects |
| Three methods of killing used by neutrophils |
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