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test review Ch 20,21
A & P test review for chapters 20,21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| lumph node | cluster along lymphatic vessels of the body. hundreds embedded in connective tissue. Large clusters occur near the body surface in the inquinal, axillary, and cervical regions. |
| Function of lymph node | 1. aslymph is transported back to the bloodstream, the lymph nodes act as lymph FILTERS;macrophages in nodes remove and destroy microorganisms preventing them from being delivered to the blood and spreading thru the body. (2) they help activate the immune |
| Structure of Lymph Node | bean shape (less than 1 inch)surrounded by dense fibrous capsule-trabeculae extend inward, divide node into compartments. Cortex, Medulla, middle. afferent lymphatic vessels-into, efferent vessels-exit |
| What organs are associated with lymphatic vessels? | spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, peyer's patches, appendix. Only lymph nodes filter lymph |
| Lymphocytes | a granular white blood cell that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body. The MAIN WARRIORS of the immune system. They mature into 1 or 2 main varities of immunocompetent cells-T cells or B cells |
| T-Cells | T lymphocytes that protect the body against antigens. They manage the immune response and some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells.(Fighting Soldiers) |
| B-Cells | Protect the body by producing plasma cells, daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood. Antibodies mark antigens for destruction by phagocytes or other means.(support system of Soldiers) |
| Thymus is located where? When is it most active? | in infants, found in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum, where it partially overlies the heart. Increases in size and most active during childhood. stops growing during adolescence and gradually atrophies |
| Spleen | Largest lymphoid organ in the body; served by splenic artery and vein which enter and exit at the hilus; Function: site of lymphocute proliferation and immune surveillance and response; cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets and debris |
| Peyer's Patch | Bits of lymphatic tissue scattered in connective tissue, located in wall of distal portion of small intestine. isolated aggregations of lymphoid follicles occur in the intestional wall as Peyer's Patches and in the appendix |
| Appendix | worm like sac attached to the cecum of the large intestine |
| MALT stands for what? | Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue--protects passages that are open tothe exterior from foreign matter entering them: Peyers's patch, appendix, tonsils |
| Right lymphatic duct drains from where? | the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax |
| Thoracic Duct drains from where? | receives lymph from the rest of the body that does not drain to the right lymphatic duct |
| Functions of lymph system | returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood, protects the body by removing foreigh material from the lymph stream and provides a site for immune surveillance |
| Normal components of lymph? | Protein, fat, red blood cells, lymphocytes - to attack bacteria in blood |
| Sentinal Node | 1ST node that receives lymph drainage froma body area suspected of being cancerous. Thisnode gives best indication of weather metastasis through the lymph vessels has occured. |
| Antibodies aka immunoglobulins: | consists of the gamma & globulin part of blood proteins. They are secreted by activated B Cells or plasma cells in response to an antigen and can bind specifically to that antigen. Five classes: IgM, IgF, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE. |
| IgM | pentamer released by plasma cells during primary immune response, 1ST RELEASED |
| IgA | dimer that helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces-found in mucus membranes and secretions |
| IgD | monomer attached to surface of B cells, important in B cell activation |
| IgG | monomer most abundant and diverse in primary and secondary response -crosses placenta and confers passive immunity |
| IgE | monomer-ginds to most cells and basophils, causing histamine release when activated |
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