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Bio 2 Plants

TermDefinition
Bryophytes Land plants that are nonvascular. Include the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. No stems, roots, or leaves. Gametophytes dominant part of the cycle. Sporophytes depend on gametophytes.
Epiphytes plants that live on other plants.
Liverworts Sporophyte attached to larger gametophyte. Small. No true stomata. Has sporangium that makes spores through meiosis.
Liverwort Elaters Assist in dispersal of spores
Liverwort Gemma Cups If there's not enough water for sexual reproduction, they use these. when touch water, get dispersed.
Mosses Epiphytes. have stomata Peristome teeth on sporangium.
Hornworts Association with cyanobacteria to fix nitrogen sporophytes look like small horns
Plant life cycle Haploid individual produce gametes through mitosis (egg n sperm). Haploid egg and sperm make diploid zygote. zygote undergoes meiosis to make haploid genetically diverse spores. Spores grow into haploid individual.
Gametophyte Haploid, Goes through mitosis to produce gametes
Sporophyte Diploid, goes through meiosis to produce spores
Vascular tissue Phloem (food) and xylem (water)
Tracheids Make up xylem
Synapomorphy of vascular plants Independent sporophyte (dom) Xylem and Phloem
Lycophytes Vacular tissue Microphylls (not real leaves, simple) sporangia in strobili dichotomous branching Gametophytes small, sporophyte big (roots and stems)
Euphyliphytes Clade. True leaf plants(Megaphylls)
Monilophytes Ferns and Horsetails. have true leaves
Life cycle of a fern Heterosporous (2 different spores) Megagametophyte -> egg Microgametophyte -> sperm
Fern Sporangium in sori
Horsetails Has true roots Independent sporophyte and gametophyte Silica deposits in cell walls
Gymnosperms seed plants. Cycads, Gingkos, Gnetales, Conifers
Synapomorphy of gymnosperms Secondary growth
Cycads looks like palm tress but are not. Soft wood, poorly branched. Dinosaur one. sperm has hundreds of flagella Nostoc in roots (fixes nitrogen)
Gingko Fan shaped leaves. Female plants have bad odor
Gnetale Welwitchia (oldest plant on earth) Gnetum (tropical seeds can be eaten) Ephedra: small green shrubs with photosynthetic stems
Conifers Temperate habitats Known for cones Megastrobilus : Female cones Microstrobilus: male pollen bearing cone
Angiosperms Flower plans, also part of seed plants. Most diversity.
Synapomorphy of flower plants: Flowers, fruits, and double fertilization Ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel
Stamen Male reproductive organ called Androecium (Anther + Filament) Microspore -> Microgametophyte (pollen)
Carpal Female reproductive organ called gyonecium Ovule is the megagametophye Stigma is where pollen lands
Amborella Trichopoda False anther to attract pollinators Radially symmetrical Ex: Water Lilies
Magnolids Most are radially symmetrical/ some bilaterally symmetrical
Most Diversity of Angiosperms is in Eudicots and Monocots
Eudicots Net venation (net all over the place) ex: cactus, roses, apples, beans
Monocots Parallel venation Ex: Corn, wheat, grass
Monocots vs. Eudicots: Roots Eudicots: tap root Monocots: fibrous root
Monocots vs. Eudicots: Stem/Vascular Eudicots: ringed/organized Monocots: scattered
Monocots vs. Eudicots: Growth Eudicots: woody, has secondarygrowth Monocots: herbaceous NO WOOD
Monocots vs. Eudicots: Embryo Eudicots: two cotyledons Monocots: one cotyledon
Monocots vs. Eudicots: Pollen Eudicots: 3 openings Monocots: one opening
Monocots vs. Eudicots: Flowers Eudicots: multiples of 4 or 5 Monocots: Multiples of 3
Pollination syndrome Sets of characteristics adapted to pollinators convergent evolution, plants can have similar traits even if they are not related
Created by: jangelyh
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