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Reproductive
Overall by section
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the deficient in a lateral cleft lip? | Congenital malformation resulting from failure of the maxillary and medial nasal prominence to fuse on one or both sides |
| Which prominences fail to fuse leading to formation of a cleft lip? | Maxillary and medial nasal prominences |
| Male organ taht does not develop from the mesonephric ducts | Prostate |
| What organs develop from the mesonephric ducts? | Bladder trigone, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles. |
| What is mnemonic used to organs derived from the Mesonephric ducts? | BEEDS |
| What are the genital physical characteristics of Congenital 5α-reductase deficiency? | Male internal genitals (including testes) but ambiguous or female -looking external genitalia |
| At what level is a Thyroglossal cyst duct most located? | Hyoid bone |
| What are characteristics of t Mullerian agenesis? | Primary amenorrhea, absent uterus, and a blind vaginal pouch |
| What cause Mullerian agenesis? | Absence of the paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct in utero |
| What are the common findings of Job syndrome? | Recurrent staphylococcal abscesses, elevated IgE levels, and hypereosinophilia |
| What are the most common physical findings of Job syndrome? | Atopic dermatitis, coarse facies, and retained primary teeth |
| Which branchial arche derivates into the recurrent laryngeal nerve? | 6th branchial arch |
| Which muscles are innervated by the Recurrent Laryngeal nerve? | Intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for he cricothyroid |
| Which muscle is NOT innervated by the Recurrent Laryngeal nerve? | Cricothyroid |
| Which pharyngeal arch gives rise to the muscles of facial expression? | Second pharyngeal arch |
| Which CN innervates the muscles of facial expression? | CN VII |
| Which are muscles arising from the 2nd Branchial arch? | Posterior belly of the digastric, the platysma, the stylohyoid, and the stapedius muscle |
| What are the two main findings that 11β-hydroxylase deficiency has that separates it from other CHA? | Hypertension and hypokalemia |
| How is DiGeorge syndrome clinically presented? | Cleft palate, hypoPTH, thymic aplasia, and congenital heart disease |
| Which branchial pouches are defective in DiGeorge Syndrome? | 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches |
| Which gene is affected or mutated n DiGeorge syndrome? | 22q11.2 gene deletion |
| What the classic facial abnormalities seen in Fetal Alcohol syndrome? | Hypoplastic midface, anteverted nares, and strabismus |
| Where is the 1st place of fetal hematopoiesis? | Yolk sac by week -2 of gestation |
| Until which week of gestation, fetal hematopoiesis is still not conducted by the bone marrow? | Week 18 |
| How do oral contraceptives work? | Decrease FSH levels by feedback inhibition of the endogenous release of GnRH |
| What do OCPs contain? | Exogenous estrogen and progesterone |
| How does low levels of FSH in a woman lead to contraceptive method? | Not enough FSH, leads to no midcycle LH surge, thus preventing ovulation |
| Which CYP450 inducer, used in TB treatment, cause the increase consumption of OCPs? | Rifampin |
| 17α-hydroxylase results in: | 1. Impaired production of sex hormones, and, 2. Excess production of mineralocorticoids |
| Which condition is characterized by a "blind vaginal pouch"? | Mullerian agenesis |
| Which duct had a defective formation in Mullerian agenesis? | Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct |
| What are Sertoli cells? | Non-spermatic cells that exit within the seminiferous tubules |
| What hormone is secreted by Sertoli cells? | Anti-Mullerian hormone |
| What is the role of Anti-Mullerian hormone? | Prevent the development of female reproductive organs |
| Which hormone is known to prevent the development of female reproductive organs? | Anti-Mullerian hormone |
| Which hormone is required for the formation of male external genitalia in uterus? | DHT |
| What is the role of DHT? | Formation of normal male external genitalia in utero |
| What are adverse effects of Prednisone? | Glucose intolerance and osteoporosis, psychosis, osteonecrosis, myopathy, and adrenal insufficiency if discontinued abruptly |
| Which pathogens are the MCC of Epididymitis? | N gonorrhea and C. trachomatis |
| How is scrotal pain due to Epididymitis relieved? | Manual elevation scrotum |
| How is Epididymitis presence? | Unilateral testicular pain |
| What are features of Epididymitis? | Unilateral scrotal pain that is relieved by manual elevation and a normal cremasteric reflex |
| What is the MCC of post-menopause vaginal bleeding? | Endometrial cancer |
| Which antineoplastic medication (drug) is known to increase risk of Endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women? | Tamoxifen |
| How does Tamoxifen act in the Uterus? | Estrogen agonist |
| Estrogen agonist medication that may cause postmenopausal bleeding | Tamoxifen |
| What are characteristics of Tanner stage 3? | Growth spurt, beat enlargement, axillary hair develops, and pubic hair over the mons pubis |
| Which part of the urethra is rupture in a straddle injury? | Bulbous urethra |
| A patient present with damaged bulbous urethra, what kind of injury most likely the patient suffered? | Straddle injury |
| What are the most common pelvic tumors in women? | Leiomyomas |
| How are Leiomyomas clinically presented? | Abnormal uterine bleeding, abdominal pain, and bloating |
| What medication types can eventually result in a hypogonadal state resembling menopause? | GnRH agonists, especially if used in a continuous fashion |
| What is the role of LH? | Control menstrual cycle and cause ovulation, specifically promoting follicle rupture |
| Which hormone oversees promoting follicle rupture? | LH |
| What are risk factors of Placenta abruption? | Smoking, cocaine use, trauma, hypertension, and preeclampsia |
| What is Placental abruptio? | Partial or complete premature separation of placenta from the uterine wall |
| How is Placenta abruption commonly presented? | Sudden painful bleeding during the 3rd trimester |
| What is a severe complication of placenta abruption? | DIC |
| How does placenta abruptio causes DIC? | Tissue factor enters maternal circulation |
| From which main artery does the ovarian artery directly branches off? | Abdominal aorta |
| Wath is the cause of spread of ringworm? | Direct contact with dermatophytes |
| What is a common antifungal used to treat Tinea corporis (ringworm)? | ketoconazole |
| MOA of Ketoconazole | Blcocer formation of fungal membrane sterols by inhibition fungal cytochrome P-450 |
| What are adverse effects of GnRH agonists? | Osteoporosis and pseudo-menopause |
| Where is the beginning of Spermatogenesis? | Seminiferous tubules |
| Why is it necessary for spermatozoa to travel from the Seminiferous tubules to the epididymis? | To mature and gain mobility |
| Which protein engages in sperm motility? | Dynein |
| How is the epithelium that lines the Epididymis? | Layer of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia |
| What is dynein? | Molecular motor protein that slides along the microtubules within the axoneme |
Created by:
rakomi
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