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Ch22-26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is a process by which the genetic makeup of a population changes with time | evolution |
| the mechanism of evolution is | natural selection |
| is a branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life | taxonomy |
| is a system of naming organism | nomenclature |
| system of nomenclature gives a genus name and a species name to each living thing | binomial |
| are relics or impressions of ancient organisms sealed in rock | fossils |
| is the study of fossils | paleontology |
| the theory of ____ holds that profound geological (or biological) change is a result of gradual accumulation of changes through a vast span of time | gradualism |
| is a type of evolution in which a single ancestral species evolves to form a variety of species which occupy different habitats | adaptive radiation |
| is a change in the characteristics in species which occupy the same range to reduce the chance of hybridization or competition | character displacement |
| refers to the evolution of dark peppered moth from the light one due to environmental pollution that darkened the landscape | industrial melanism |
| neo-Darwinism is a theory of evolution which combines natural selection, genetics and other disciplines to explain the evolution of living things. | modern synthesis |
| structures are the common structures that evolved from a common ancestry | homologous |
| is the development of an individual organism | ontogeny |
| is the historical development of a whole group of organism | phylogeny |
| is a group of individuals of one species that interbreed and live in a particular area | population |
| is a genetically distinctive group of natural populations that share a common gene pool. it is reproductively isolated from other groups. | species |
| is a process by which the genetic makeup of a population changes with time | evolution |
| an evolutionary ____ is a major change in allelic frequency in a population due to environmental crisis | bottleneck |
| effect is the difference between the gene pool of a newly isolated population and that of the original popluation | founder |
| is a gradual variation in a character of a species correlated with geography | cline |
| is a condition of having two sets of chromosomes | diploidy |
| the total of all the genes of all the individuals in a population of a given species is known as the | gene pool |
| the incidence fo a particular allele in a population is its | gene frequency |
| is a change in gene frequency in a small population due to chance alone | genetic drift |
| the three modes of natural selection are ____ selection, ____ selection, and ____ selection. | directional, disruptive, stabilizing |
| is the occurrence of two or more genetically determined forms in a population | polymorphism |
| is the fitness of an organism for its environment | adaption |
| is the assumption of resemblance in color or structure as a means of self-protection | mimicry |
| is the ability of genes to influence many phenotypic characters | pleiotropy |
| the overall fitness of a genotype depends on whether its positive effects outweigh any ____ effects. | harmful |
| the genetic variations that do not confer any survival advantage are called ____ variation | neutral |
| fitness is the contribution of one genotype to the next generation compared to the contribution by the alternate genotype | relative |
| or quantitative characters are determined by genes on different loci that influence the same characteristics | polygenic |
| ____ selection is a mode of natural selection which selects the phenotypic characteristics of one extreme, and is likely to result in teh gradual replacement of one ____ by another in the gene pool | directional, allele |
| ____ selection favors both extremes of a phenotypic range and acts against individuals of intermediate characteristics | diversifying |
| ____ selection eliminates individuals with unfavorable genetic variations at both extremes of the phenotypic range, and favors the more common intermediate variants | stabilizing |
| is the different between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females | sexual dismorphism |
| is a process by which one species splits into two or more species | speciation |
| is the evolutionary change below the species level. It is a change in the _____ frequencies in a population over generations. | microevolution, allele |
| is a species that can be distinguished from other species based on its morphology | morphospecies |
| species is a genetically distinctive group of natural population or group of populations that share a common gene pool, and is reproductively isolated from other groups | biological |
| is the transfer of alleles between two different species via a hybrid | introgression |
| the formation of two or more species from an ancestral species initiated by geographic isolation is known as ____ speciation | allopatric |
| speciation is the formation of hybrid at the geographical boundary between two species | parapatric |
| speciation is the formation of a new species from its parent population that occupies the same geographical range | sympatric |
| is a condition in which the chromosome number in a species becomes multiple sets due to chromosomal non-disjunction during meiosis | autopolyploidy |
| is a condition in which the chromosome number in a hybrid becomes multiple sets due to chromosomal non-disjunction during meiosis | allopolyploidy |
| evolution is the formation of different species from an ancestral species | divergent |
| evolution is the formation of similar characters between different species when they independently adapt to similar environmental conditions | convergent |
| evolution is the similar evolution between two related species in response to similar selection pressures | parallel |
| a hypothesis that proposes that sepciation is precipitated by environmental crises is called | punctuated equilibrium |
| is an evolutionary change in the timing or rate of development | heterochrony |
| is a difference in the relative rates of growth of various parts of the body | allometric growth |
| theory proposes that living things arise from pre-existing cells | biogenesis |
| theory proposes that living things could have arisen from non-living matter under primordial earth conditions but not now | abiogensis |
| polymers are formed from monomers by ____ reaction | condensation |
| the protobionts are droplets of | macromolecule |
| meteorites landing on Earth that contain 1-2% ____ compounds are called carbonaceous chondrites. | carbon |
| fossils that are used to correlate the age of one rock stratum with another | index |
| is formed by two layers of lipid molecules enclosing a water droplet inside | liposome |
| an atmosphere without oxygen is known as a ____ atmosphere | reducing |
| the oxygen produced by teh first photosynthetic bacteria reacted with ____ iron to form ____ iron (iron oxides) which then sank to the ocean floor | ferrous, ferric |
| the RNA catalysts that can remove ____ from RNA are called ____. | introns, ribozymes |
| proposes that the earth's major land masses or plates can drift at about 2.5 cm per year from one place to another. | plate tectonics |
| about 250 million years ago, plate movement brought all the land masses together to form a single massive supercontinent called ____ which then broke up into a northern supercontinent called ____, and a southern super-continent called____. | pangaea, laurasia, gondwanaland |
| heterochrony is an evolutionary change in the ____ or ____ of developmental events | rate, timing |
| paedomorphosis is a condition in which adults of some species retain features that were ____ in ancestors. | juvenile |
| is the evolutionary history of a species or group of species | phylogeny |
| is the analytical study of the diversity and the relationships of organisms | systematics |
| is the similarity in morphology and other characteristics inherited from a common ancestor | homology |
| is the similarity in morphology and other characteristics in different species evolved from different ancestors | analogy |
| is a remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past | fossil |
| a process in which the original hard parts or more rarely teh soft tissues have been replaced by minerals is known as | petrifaction |
| are formed by the hardening of the material surrounding the buried organism | molds |
| systematics is the classification based on evolutionary history | phylogenetic |
| is a taxonomic approach that classifies organisms according to the order in time at which branches arise along a phylogenetic tree | cladistics |
| or branching evolution is the evolution of more than one new species from one parent species which continue to exist | cladogensis |
| is constructed by comparing homologous genes | phylogram |
| tree shows all the lineages have diverged from the common ancestor at the base for equal amounts of time | ultrametric |
| the taxonomic unit at any level is called a | taxon |
| genes are passed from one generation to the next but are ended up in different gene pools because of speciation | orthologous |
| genes are found in more than one copy in the same genome | paralogous |
| molecules such as proteins, DNA or RNA can be used as ____ ____ to keep track of evolutionary time | molecular clock |
| the evolution of similar structures by animals adapting to similar environments is known as ____ evolution | convergent |
| theory states that much evolution change in genes has no effect on ____ and is therefore not influenced by Darwinian selection. | neutral, fitness |
| the three domains of living things are domain ____, domain ____ and domain ____. | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| the first eukarote may have arise from a fusion between an ancestral ____ and an ancestral ____. | bacterium, archaean |
| Domain Bacteria | Kingdom Eubacteria |
| Domain Archaea | Kingdom Archaebacteria |
| Domain Eukarya | Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae |
| DKPCOFGS | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| occurred 251 million years ago, between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. 96% of the marine animal species, and 8 out of 27 orders of insects became extinct about the time when the continents merged to form Pangaea. | Permian mass extinction |
| occurred about 65.5 million years ago (between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras) when more than half of the marine species had many families of terrestrial plants and animals, including the dinosaurs became extinct. | Cretaceous mass extinction |
| Age of mammals | Cenozoic |
| Age of reptiles | Cretaceous |
| Age of ancient life | Paleozoic |
| Proterozoic | Precambrian |
| First prokaryotic cells | Archean |
| 4.6 billion years ago | Origin of the earth |
| 15-20 billion years ago | Origin of the universe |
| (1) use and disuse principle (2) inheritance of acquired characteristics | Lamarck's hypothesis of evolution |
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minhj
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