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UNIT 1 BIO AOS 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | Prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea, they lack a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes are animal, fungi and plant cells, they have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
| Differences / similarities between plant and animal cells (draw and label both) | Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts and large vacuoles. Whereas animal cells don't have cell walls or chloroplasts and only small vacuoles. |
| Organelle’s structure and function Nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton | Nucleus - protects DNA Ribosomes - assemble proteins Rough endoplasmic reticulum - coated with ribosomes to synthesise and modify proteins Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Not coated with ribosomes and produce lipids Cytoskeleton - maintains shape(tent) |
| Structure and function of cell membrane (including labelled diagram of all components and their function) | A selectively permeable barrier between the intracellular and extracellular environment. Made of phospholipid bilayer. |
| What specific molecules can move between phospholipid molecules as they diffuse through a membrane. | Small, uncharged molecules |
| Why is the plasma membrane referred to as the Fluid Mosaic Model? | Mosaic because they are embedded and packed into the membrane. Fluid because it is constantly moving. |
| 3 ways of transport across the plasma membrane (diagrams may be useful) | Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. |
| Explain: Osmosis and Diffusion | Osmosis - diffusion of water from an area of low solute concentration an area of high solute concentration Diffusion - movement of particles down their concentration gradient |
| Define: Hypertonic Solution, Isotonic solution, Hypotonic Solution | Hypertonic Solution - solutions have comparatively higher solute concentrations Isotonic solution - solutions have equal solute concentrations Hypotonic Solution - solutions have comparatively low solute concentrations |
| Endocytosis and Exocytosis | Endocytosis -bulk transport into the cell Exocytosis - bulk transport out of the cell |
| ATP function and where produced in a Eukaryotic cell. | ATP is how the cell stores energy and it is produced in the mitochondria |
| Catabolic vs anabolic reactions | Catabolic - breakdown eg. cellular respiration Anabolic - build up eg. photosynthesis |
| Cell specialisation | Cells evolve to form specific cells that have specific functions |
| Define differentiation, Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, Oligopotent | Totipotent - differentiate into any cell type/embryo Pluripotent - differentiate into many cells of the 3 germ layers Multipotent - differentiate into multiple, limited cell types Oligopotent - differentiate into one cell type, can divide repeatedly |
| Multicellular organisms’ characteristics and levels of organisation | Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. |
| What is a Polypeptide? | A linear polymer consisting of a large number of residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of a protein molecule. Another word for protein. |
| Proteins are produced in …………………………organelles and modified in………………………….? | Ribosomes, golgi body |
| Cell size is limited by what? | Surface area to volume ratio |
| Why do cells continually divide and not just get bigger? | Having lots of tiny cells helps them absorb and extract things rapidly, rather than having big, slow cells. To maintain SA:V ratio. |
| Define: Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis | Phagocytosis - engulfing of internal substances Pinocytosis - engulfing of external substances |
| ATP is broken down into what and what is released? Is it a catabolic reaction or anabolic reaction? | ATP breakdown into ADP. It is a catabolic reaction |
| Are Chloroplasts found in all plant cells? | No they are not found in all plant cells |
| Calculate the SA:Vol of a 3cm x 3cm X 3cm cube | (3x3x6) : (3x3x3) 54 : 27 |
| If the above were cells which would be at an advantage to absorb Oxygen? (2cm x 6cm x 2cm or 3cm x 3cm X 3cm) | 1=76 : 24 / 3.167 : 1 2 = 54 : 27 / 2 : 1 1 because the larger the SA:V the smaller it is |
| Define Apoptosis and Necrosis | Apoptosis - the natural and controlled death of cells within our body which plays an important role in our development Necrosis - accidental cell death (due to physical damage or lack of oxygen) |
| Explain the Intrinsic (Mitochondrial Pathway) | When the internal components of a cell are damaged the mitochondria detects this damage and releases cytochrome cc into the cytosol. Cytochrome c activates caspase enzymes, initiating apoptosis. |
| Explain the Extrinsic (Death Ligand Pathway) | Death signalling molecules can be recognised by death receptor proteins on the surface of cells and are often released by immune cells. When these molecules bind to a death receptor surface protein, caspase enzymes are activated, initiating apoptosis. |
| Write the following in the correct order: o Activation of Capases o Blebbing o Digestion of cell contents o Cell shrinks | o Activation of Capases o Digestion of cell contents o Cell shrinks o Blebbing |
| What other characteristic do cells undergoing Apoptosis have? | Digestion of cell contents, cell shrinks and blebbing |
| What are Somatic cells? | Body cells, other than sex cells |
| What cells undergo Mitosis? | Somatic cells, adult stem cells, and the cells in the embryo. |
| List the stages of Mitosis and what occurs in each stage | Prophase - chromosomes condense and become visible under microscope Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the equator of the cells Anaphase - spindle fibres start pulling the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell Telophase - new nuclear membranes form |
| A DNA strand has the sequence: TACACGTTTAAATCAAC. What is the complementary sequence? | ATGTGCAAATTTAGTTG |
| Why do Cancer cells proliferate in an organism? | Because the cells aren't mature, they don't work properly. |
| Staphylococcus aureus are what shaped bacteria? | Small round shaped |
| Give 2 reasons why are viruses considered non-living? | They do not grow and they produce no waste products |
| Organelle’s structure and function Golgi body, lysosome, mitochondrion and chloroplasts | Golgi body - site of protein sorting, packaging and modification Lysosome - contains digestive enzymes, breaks down wastage Mitochondrion - site of cellular respiration and ATP production Chloroplasts - fluid sacs that are the site of photosynthesis |
| Organelle’s structure and function Vacuole, cell wall, vesicle and cytoskeleton. | Vacuole - used for water and solute storage Cell wall - provides strength and structure Vesicle - transports substances in or out of cell |
| Explain: Facilitated Diffusion | Facilitated diffusion - some molecules cross the membrane via a specific transmembrane integral protein, channel proteins |
| Explain: Active Transport and Passive transport | Active transport - transport of substances across the membrane using protein pumps and energy to move molecules Passive Transport - the movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane and down the concentration gradient without the use of energy |
| Define differentiation | Where a less specialised cell becomes more distinct in form and function. |
Created by:
susiewhite
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