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Intro to Chemistry
Introduction to Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the four elements that make up about 96% of our body weight: | a) Carbon b) Hydrogen c) Oxygen d) Nitrogen |
| How is ATP the “energy currency” of the cell? | ATP releases energy stored in its two high-energy phosphate bonds. |
| What kind of a net charge is carried by a cation? | A cation is a positively charged ion. |
| What is a covalent bond? Provide an example of a covalently-bonded molecule. | A covalent bond is a strong bond between atoms in which they share one or more electrons. Water is an example of covalent bonding. |
| What is an electrolyte? | An electrolyte is a substance such as a salt, an acid, or a base, that, when put in water dissociates or ionizes into ions. In solution, electrolytes conduct an electric current. |
| Give the approximate pH of the following: Gastric juice Tomato juice Blood Milk of magnesia | a) Gastric juice: 1.2–3.0 b) Tomato juice: 4.2 c) Blood: 7.35–7.45 d) Milk of magnesia: 10.5 |
| Diagram and label the structures of a typical atom. | Nucleus - Energy levels, protons, neutrons, electron. |
| All living and non-living things consist of | matter |
| Describe the structure of DNA. | DNA is a large molecule consisting of two helically wound chains of nucleotides. The two chains are held together by hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous base pairs—adenine and thymine, and cytosine and granine. |
| What are nucleotides? | Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. |
| How does RNA differ from DNA chemically and physically? | Chemically, the RNA nucleotides are made up of the sugar ribose, whereas DNA nucleotides are made up of deoxyribose. |
| How does RNA differ from DNA chemically and physically? (2) | Physically, RNA is usually a single-stranded molecule, whereas DNA is usually double-stranded. RNA uses the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, granine, and uracil; whereas DNA uses the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. |
| Define the term lipid. | Lipids include most of the substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform or ether. |
| What is an ionic bond? Give an example of an ionically-bonded molecule. | An ionic bond is a weak bond between two oppositely charged ions. The bond breaks when the molecule is placed in water. An example is sodium chloride (table s |
| Define the term acid. | When put in water, an acid is a substance that dissociates into hydrogen ions and one or more anions. |
| Define the term base. | When put in water, a base is a substance that dissociates into hydroxyl (OH-) ions and one or more cations. A base also can be described as having the capacity to pick up one or more hydrogen (H+) ions. |
| Identify the monosaccharides, and give three common examples. | Monosaccharides are the simple sugars made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples are glucose, fructose, and deoxyribose. |
| List four functions of water that make it useful in the body: | a) Water is a good solvent. b) Water participates in chemical reactions vital to cells. c) Water absorbs heat without significantly changing temperature. d) Water acts as a lubricant. |
| What are the four chemical groups of an amino acid | Hydrogen, Amine, Carboxyl, Side chain (R group) |
| Discuss enzyme function. | Enzymes are biological catalysts that have specific “active” binding rates for certain substrates. Enzymes lower the energy of activation so that reactions in the cell can occur at appropriate rates. |
| What is an isotope? | Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ slightly in mass. Different isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons, but more or less neutrons. |
| Define the meaning of the term pH. | pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
| Define the term salt, and give an example | When put in water, a salt is a substance that dissociates into cations and anions neither of which is (H+) or (OH-). An example of a salt is sodium chloride. |
| Identify three important types of lipids and their functions: | a) Triglycerides ― energy storage b) Phospholipids ― membrane structure c) Steroids ― hormones membrane structure |
| What is a buffer? | A buffer is a combination of chemicals that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution when acids or bases are added. |
| Describe hydrogen bonds, and give two examples of their importance in cells. | Hydrogen bonds are extremely weak bonds between two atoms. They are important for giving proteins and enzymes their three-dimensional shapes, bonding specialized molecules such as hormones and receptors, and binding enzymes to substrates. |
| What is a radioactive isotope? | A radioactive isotope is an isotope that is unstable and emits radiation as it breaks down. |
| Which of the following is not a trace element? | Phosphorus |
| An acid is a substance that dissociates in water into one or more _______ ions and one or more __________. | Hydrogen/anions |
| What type of bonds hold water molecules together? | Covalent bonds |
| Which element is needed for clotting and muscle contraction, and contributes to the hardness of teeth and bone? | Calcium |
| Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic substance in humans? | Water |
| The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in their number of: | Neutrons |
| ATP belongs to the category of compounds known as: | Nucleic acids |
| Steroids are classified as: | Lipids |
| Which of the following is considered to be neutral on the pH scale? | Pure water |
| Which of the following would be the smallest in size? | Electron |
| Organic compounds always contain | Hydrogen and carbon |
| Which of the following elements are found in carbohydrates? | Oxygen/carbon/hydrogen |
| The more _____________ ions are present in a solution, the more basic the solution. | Hydroxide |
| The most plentiful lipid in the human body is: | Triglyceride |
| “Saturated fat” is saturated with: | Hydrogen |
| In RNA, the base that is present instead of thymine is: | Uracil |
Created by:
nickseaman
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