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Zoology, lecture 2
Invertebrates: Protista
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protista | A kingdom of unicellular organisms. We study them to learn about the origins of the multicellular organisms. All multicellular organisms developed from them. |
| Eukaryotic organism | Organisms that are capable of performing all cellular processes through the activity of internal membrane bound organelles. |
| Organelles | Internal membrane-bound structures that are responsible for intracellular processes. |
| Difference between acellular and multicellular eukaryotes | Acellular eukaryotes have organization at the cellular level whereas multicellular organisms have organization at the tissue/organ level. |
| Chloroplast | Organelles within which chlorophyll is found--where photosynthesis takes place. |
| Mitochondria | Release of energy as a result of break down of organic material. |
| How did mitochondria appear within eukaryotic cells? | Endosymbiont theory: a prokaryote with the capability to break down organic compounds for releasing energy was engulfed by one that couldn't producing the first mitochondria-containing eukaryotic cell. |
| Symbiogenesis | The merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism. Theory originally proposed by Mereschkowsky (1926) who proposed that chloroplasts originated as cyanobacteria captured by a protozoan. |
| Symbiosis | Refers to close and long-term relationships between different organisms for the benefit of one or more. |
| Symbiont | Organism involved in a symbiotic relationship. |
| Mutualism | A type of symbiosis in which both participants benefit from the relationship (ex. sea anemone and clown fish) |
| Parasitism | A type of symbiosis in which one participant benefits while the other suffers. |
| Commensalism | A type of symbiosis in which one participant benefits and the other is unaffected. |
| Endosymbiont theory of plant cells | Similar to that of animal cells, just it was a photosynthetic cyanobacteria engulfed producing a cell with a chloroplast. |
| Protozoa | Central phylum of protista--literally "the first organisms" even though they aren't. Phylum includes eukaryotic members of protista with different evolutionary origins. They lack tissues and structures cause they are acellular. Some live in colonies. |
| Classes of Protozoa | Flagellata תוינטוש (with subclasses zooflagellata and phytoflagellata) Rhizopoda םיילגרשרש Amoeba תובמא Sporozoa תוינוגבינ Cilliates תוינוסיר |
| What is special about protozoa? | They are microscopic acellular organisms for which all bodily processes are performed by organelles. |
| Euglena | ןניע A genus of unicellular protists. They have an elliptical shape with a long flagella used for mobility (they are flagellata). Some are heterotrophs and some are autotrophs. |
| Protoplasm | The intracellular substance that secretes a thin and flexible external layer called a pellicle |
| Pellicle | Flexible external layer of unicellular protozoa that controls the contents of the protoplasm and protects the organism. |
| Paramylon granules | Granules of stored starch that is produced by euglena chloroplasts by photosynthesis. |
| Stigma | Pigment spot above the photoreceptive spot in photosynthetic protists. It block the light from hitting the photoreceptor allowing the organism to determine the source and strength of the light source for optimal photosynthesis. |
| Volvox | Genus of unicellular photosynthesizing organisms that form colonies of flagellated cells. |
| Pseudopod | Amoeba protoplasm has varying consistencies that the organism can use to extend one section of its flexible body forward and contract the other part there by pulling itself in a particular direction. |
| Contractile vacuole | A vacuole surrounded by canals that take up water from the surrounding protoplasm to fill the central vacuole, which, once full, makes contact with the cell wall expelling its contents and thereby osmoregulating. |
| Cilliata | תוינסיר A class of protozoa that is special in that it has two separate nuclei with two different jobs--one large, one small "macro/micro nuclei" |
| Vorticella | A genus of protozoa with inverted bell-shaped cilliates that congregate on a common stalk forming a colony. |
| Holotrichea | A subclass of ciliate protozoa which generally have a simple uniform distribution of cilia on their cells. |
| Cilliata-nutrition | They eat through phagocytosis through the oral groove--a depression leading to the mouth. |
| Phagocytosis | The cellular process of engulfing of solid particles by the cellular membrane forming food vacuoles. Digestion starts with oxidization and acidification to break down the particles and alkalinization before release to be used by the cell. |
| Pinocytosis | Endocytosis of fluids--essentially "drinking" to lower ion concentrations in the cell. |
| Endocytosis | The process by which cells absorb molecules from outside the cell by engulfing it with their cell membrane. |
| Reproduction in cilliates | In times of stress it's sexual and under normal conditions its asexual. |
| Asexual reproduction in cilliates | The micronucleus undergoes mitosis dividing in two while the macronucleus divides unequally. It's also called binary fission |
| Sexual reproduction in ciliates | Also called conjugation, two ciliates form a protoplasmic bridge and their micronuclei switch cells producing two new cells with genetic material different from that of their parent cells. Then the cells go through binary fission. |
| Binary fission | Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms. Starts with DNA replication |
| Why does is reproduction sexual during times of stress? | Organisms with a new genetic bank might have better chances of surviving. |
| Cytoproct | The pellicle is too thick to allow for excretion of solid waste by diffusion so this hole in the cell wall allows for excretion. |
| What are the ciliate sensory mechanisms? | They sense with their whole body using their cilia. |
| How do ciliates respirate? | Through their entire body surface by diffusion. |
| Ciliate movement | They have the highest level of organization among protista. They move by metachronological (one after the next) controlled movement of their cilia. |
Created by:
YaelNoa
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