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Nervous System
Somatic Senses and Special Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contrast sensation and perception. | Sensation is the conscious or unconscious awareness of stimuli. Perception is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations. |
| List the four conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur | Stimulation of a sensory receptor Conversion of the stimulus into graded potential Conduction of the impulse Translation of the impulse by a region of the brain |
| What is meant by the term adaptation to sensations? | Adaptation to sensations is a decreased sensitivity to the same stimulus. |
| What are proprioceptors? | Proprioceptors are receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about position and movement. |
| Define mechanoreceptors, and give three examples of the stimuli they detect. | Mechanoreceptors detect mechanical deformation in response to stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, and blood pressure. |
| How are cutaneous sensations generated? | Cutaneous sensations result when the surface of the skin is stimulated. |
| List the four tactile sensations | Touch Pressure Vibration Itch and tickle |
| What are corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscles), and where are they located? | Corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscles) are discriminative touch receptors located in the dermal papillae of the skin. |
| Name and describe the pain receptors. | Nociceptors are the branching ends of the dendrites of some neurons. They are free nerve endings. |
| What is referred pain? | Referred pain is a pain sensation that the brain projects back to some location other than that from which the pain originates. |
| Identify the specific locations where the receptors of the olfactory sense are found. | The receptors of the olfactory sense are found in the nasal epithelium in the superior region of the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum. |
| Describe the cells that act as the olfactory sensors. | The olfactory cells are first order neurons. The olfactory hairs are cilia projecting from the end of the neuron. These hairs detect inhaled compounds. |
| Identify the location of the taste buds | The taste buds are located on the tongue, soft palate, and walls of the pharynx and larynx. |
| Which cells in the taste buds provide the sense of taste? | The cells in the taste buds that provide the sense of taste are called the gustatory receptor cells. |
| What are the five primary taste sensations? | Sour Salt Bitter Sweet Umami |
| What are the functions of the eyelids? | The functions of the eyelids are to shade and protect the eyes, and to spread lubricating secretions over the surface of the eye. |
| What is the function of the lacrimal glands? | The function of the lacrimal glands is to produce tears―a watering solution containing salts, mucus, and lysozyme. |
| List in order, from the outside to the inside, the three layers of the eyeball. | Fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea) Vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, and iris) Nervous tunic (retina) |
| Name the two parts of the ciliary body, and describe the function of each: | Ciliary processes―secrete aqueous humor Ciliary muscle―changes the shape of the lens |
| Name, from the inside to the outside, the three layers of neurons found in the retina. | Ganglion layer Bipolar layer Photoreceptor layer |
| Describe the meaning of accommodation of the lens. | Accommodation refers to changes in the curvature of the lens of the eye, which changes focus from near to distant objects and vice versa. |
| Define photopigment. | Photopigment is a substance that absorbs light and undergoes structural changes that lead to the development of a generator potential. |
| What is rhodopsin? | Rhodopsin is a photopigment found in rod cells; it consists of opsin (a protein) and retinal. |
| What is the function of the cones? | The function of the cones is to enable vision in bright light and the perception of colour. |
| What is the optic tract? | The optic tract is a collection of axons of ganglion cells from the retina after they pass through the optic chiasm. |
| Identify the auditory ossicles, and describe their function. | The auditory ossicles are the three bones of the middle ear―the malleus, incus, and stapes―which conduct vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window. |
| Name the three areas of the bony labyrinth | Vestibule Cochlea Semicircular canals |
| Identify the location of the receptors that function in the maintenance of static equilibrium | The receptors that function in the maintenance of static equilibrium are located in the walls of the utricle and saccule, the two sacs of the vestibule. |
| What are otoliths, and what role do they play in the maintenance of equilibrium? | Otoliths are crystals of calcium carbonate that lie on a gelatinous layer of the macula and move in response to changes in the position of the head. |
| Chemoreceptors | detect smell and taste |
| Name the five special senses. | Smell Taste Vision Hearing Equilibrium |
| What is not not a cutaneous sensation? | Position |
| What is a tactile sensation? | Vibration |
| Two accurate descriptions concerning the sensation of touch | Generally, it originates immediately beneath the skin or in the skin. The exact location, size, or texture of crude touch cannot be determined. Discriminative touch refers to the ability to recognize the exact point where the body is touched. |
| One accurate description concerning the sensation of touch | Corpuscles of touch are also known as Meissner’s corpuscles. |
| A fact about olfactory epithelium cells | Since the nervous system does not replace neurons, all olfactory epithelial cells gradually decrease in number as we get older. |
| What is not an accessory structure of the eye? | Cornea |
| What are accessory structures to the eye? | Eyebrow, Eyelashes, Eyelids, Lacrimal apparatus |
| What structure directly alters the shape of the lens for far and near vision? | Ciliary muscle |
| For vision to occur, which of the following is in the correct sequence? | Photoreceptors → bipolar cells → ganglion cells → optic nerve → thalamus |
| In humans, both eyes focus on only one set of objects; this characteristic is known as: | Binocular vision |
| The external (outer) ear: | Has hair cells in its auditory canal and specialized glands called ceruminous glands. |
| Which of the following statements about the middle ear is true? | It is separated from the internal ear by a bony partition containing the oval and round windows. |
| Which of the following statements about the membranous labyrinth is/are true? | The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli. |
| The spiral organ of Corti | Is a coiled sheet of supporting cells and hair cells. |
| Which of the following is the sense organ for dynamic equilibrium only? | Cristae in semicircular ducts |
Created by:
nickseaman
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