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HH Unit 1
Higher Human Revision
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the role of DNA polymerase? | DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides using complementary base pairing to the 3' end of the new strand forming. |
| What is the role of a primer? | A primer is a short strand of nucleotides that binds to the 3' end of the template DNA strand allowing polymerase to add DNA nucleotides. |
| Why is there a lead strand and a lag strand in DNA replication? | Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in one direction. |
| What are the 2 coenzymes involved in the citric acid cycle? | Co-enzyme A and NAD |
| What is the role of the enzyme dehydrogenase? | It removes hydrogen ions and and electrons and passes them to NAD to form NADH. |
| What are mutations? | Random changes in DNA that result in no protein or an altered protein being made. |
| What are the 4 chromosome mutations? | Translocation, Deletion, Duplication, Inversion |
| What are the three different types of substitution mutation? | Missense, Nonsense, Splice site. |
| What is worse, a chromosome mutation or a single gene mutation? | Chromosome because of the massive changes caused. |
| What are the the 2 frameshift mutations? | Deletion & Insertion |
| What are frameshift mutations? | Ones where EVERY codon and every amino acid after the mutation are affected. |
| What is a tumour? | A mass of abnormal cells |
| When does cancer develop? | When cells divide excessively because they fail to respond to regulatory signals |
| Which stem cells are multi potent? | Embryonic stem cells |
| How many divisions are there in meiosis | 2 |
| What do germline stem cells differentiate to become? | gametes |
| How many types of cellular divisions are there? | 2 (mitosis & meiosis) |
| Are haploid cells formed after the first or second meiotic division? | 1st |
| What is the temperature range for stage 1 of PCR | 92 to 98 degrees Celsius |
| What happens at stage 2 of PCR | Primers bind to the 3' ends of the template strands |
| What happens at stage 2 of PCR | Primers bind to the 3' ends of the template strands |
| How many different primers are needed in PCR | 2 |
| What happens at stage 1 of PCR | High temperatures are used to break the hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands |
| What is the function of DNA polymerase? | DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides using complementary base pairing to the 3' end of the NEW DNA strand forming. |
| What is the temperature range of stage 3 of PCR? | 70 to 80 degrees Celsius. |
| What is PCR used for? | To AMPLIFY a sample of DNA for...crime solving OR paternity testing OR diagnosing genetic disorders. |
| What is the temperature range of stage 2 of PCR? | 50 to 65 degrees Celsius. |
| How many different types of RNA are there? | 3 |
| Which type of RNA has anti- codons | tRNA |
| Which chromosome mutation involve non- homologous chromosomes? | Translocation |
| What happens at stage 3 of PCR | Heat resistant DNA polymerase replicates the target region of DNA |
| Which type of single gene mutation results in premature stop codons? | non sense |
| What is the name for the process where DNA is copied into mRNA | Transcription |
| What causes tRNA to fold into its particular shape? | Complemetary base pairing |
| What are non coding regions of the primary transcript called? | Introns |
| What type of RNA has anti-codons? | tRNA |
| What percentage of any DNA molecule are Adenine & Cytosine | 50% |
| What is a translocation mutation | When part of a chromosome breaks off and joins another chromosome that is NOT its homologous partner. |
| What type of bond join amino acids together? | Peptide bonds |
| What is a genome comprised of? | All of the genes AND the non-coding sequences of DNA |
| What does genomic sequencing determine? | The order of nucleotide bases |
| How could personalised medicine or pharmacogenetics affect drug prescription? | A persons genome sequence could be used in drug selection and dosage. |
| What type off muscle fibres need the most oxygen? | Slow twitch |
| What type off muscle fibres use glycogen as their energy storage? | Fast twitch |
| Where does lactate get converted back into pyruvate? | Liver |
| What supplies the energy to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane? | Electrons being passed along the Electron Transport Chain. |
| How many carbons are there in Oxaloacetate? | 4C |
| What causes genes to unwind during translation? | RNA Polymerase |
| What is the role of ATP in the energy investment phase? | To phosphorylate glucose and its intermediates. |
| What does pyruvate break down to in aerobic conditions? | An acetyl group |
| Weightlifting mainly uses what type of muscle fibre? | Fast twitch |
| What is the role of the enzyme dehydrogenase in cellular respiration? | It removes hydrogen ions and electrons and passes them on to NAD to form NADH |
| Slow twitch muscle fibres are mainly used in what activities? | Long distance running, cycling or cross country skiing. |
Created by:
nscobie
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