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HH Unit 1

Higher Human Revision

QuestionAnswer
What is the role of DNA polymerase? DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides using complementary base pairing to the 3' end of the new strand forming.
What is the role of a primer? A primer is a short strand of nucleotides that binds to the 3' end of the template DNA strand allowing polymerase to add DNA nucleotides.
Why is there a lead strand and a lag strand in DNA replication? Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in one direction.
What is the role of ATP in the energy investment phase? It is used to phosphorylate glucose and its intermediates.
What are the 2 coenzymes involved in the citric acid cycle? Co-enzyme A and NAD
What is the role of the enzyme dehydrogenase? It removes hydrogen ions and and electrons and passes them to NAD to form NADH.
What are mutations? Random changes in DNA that result in no protein or an altered protein being made.
What are the 4 chromosome mutatiions? Translocation, Deletion, Duplication, Inversion
What are the three different types of substitution mutation? Missense, Nonsense, Splice site.
What is worse, a chromosome mutation or a single gene mutation? Chromosome because of the massive changes caused.
What are the the 2 frameshift mutations? Deletion & Insertion
What are frameshift mutations? Ones where EVERY codon and every amino acid after the mutation are affected.
What is a tumour? A mass of abnormal cells
When does cancer develop? When cells divide excessively because they fail to respond to regulatory signals
Which stem cells are multi potent? Embryonic stem cells
How many divisions are there in meiosis 2
What do germline stem cells differentiate to become? gametes
How many types of cellular divisions are there? 2 (mitosis & meiosis)
Are haploid cells formed after the first or second meiotic division? 1st
What is the temperature range for stage 1 of PCR 92 to 98 degrees Celsius
What happens at stage 2 of PCR Primers bind to the 3' ends of the template strands
What happens at stage 2 of PCR Primers bind to the 3' ends of the template strands
How many different primers are needed in PCR 2
What happens at stage 1 of PCR High temperatures are used to break the hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands
What is the function of DNA polymerase? DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides using complementary base pairing to the 3' end of the NEW DNA strand forming.
What is the temperature range of stage 3 of PCR? 70 to 80 degrees Celsius.
What is PCR used for? To AMPLIFY a sample of DNA for...crime solving OR paternity testing OR diagnosing genetic disorders.
What is the temperature range of stage 2 of PCR? 50 to 65 degrees Celsius.
How many different types of RNA are there? 3
Which type of RNA has anti- codons tRNA
Which chromosome mutation involve non- homologous chromosomes? Translocation
What happens at stage 3 of PCR Heat resistant DNA polymerase replicates the target region of DNA
Which type of single gene mutation results in premature stop codons? non sense
What is the name for the process where DNA is copied into mRNA Transcription
What causes tRNA to fold into its particular shape? Complemetary base pairing
Created by: nscobie
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