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Zoology, lecture 1
Invertebrates: Introduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Levels of biological organization | Starting with the organism, you can go in two different directions. Downwards: organs, tissues, cells, molecules, atoms. Upwards: population, community, ecosystem. |
| Carolous Linnaeus | A Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who laid the foundations for the modern taxonomic classification system known as binomial nomenclature which he published in Systema Natural. |
| Systema Natura | A book written by Carolous Linnaeus in 1758 describing the starting point of zoological nomenclature. |
| Binomial Nomenclature | The formal system of naming species in the animal kingdom. Each name is in Latin and has two parts, the genus (capitalized) and the species. |
| Taxonomic Ranking | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Species | The basic category of biological classification composed of morphologically similar individuals that can breed to produce viable offspring. |
| Kingdoms תוכלממ | There are five total, four of which--plantae, fungi, animalia and protista are eukaryotic and one of which--monera--is prokaryotic |
| What traits are common to all invertebrates? | Lack of a central supporting spine, when there is a heart, its on the dorsal side, in those that have a nervous system its ventral or peripheral, in those with respiratory organs they develop from the body wall. |
| What percentage of animals in the world are invertebrates? | 97% |
| What group makes up most of the invertebrates? | Arthropods, most of which are insects. |
| Entomology | The study of insects. |
| What percentage of the animal kingdom is known? | It is estimated that just 10% of all the species are known. |
| The order "Gladiator" of insects is significant because | It is the name of a new order of insects found in South Africa that had never been described before. It is much more common to see new species or genus. To see a whole new order is rare. |
| Biodiversity Crisis | The rate of species extinction today is significantly greater than the rate of discovery. The rate of disappearance of amphibians is significantly greater than that of mammals or birds for unknown reasons. |
| How many invertebrate phyla are there? | 29 (we're learning about 6) |
| Cnidaria | םיינברוצ |
| Platyhelminthes | תוחוטש םיעלות |
| Annelida | תויתבעט םיעלות |
| Arthropoda | םיילגר יקורפ |
| Mollusca | תוכיכר |
| Echinodermata | רוע יצווק |
| What is the significance of echinodermata? | They have certain characteristics that make them a good link for the candidates for the link between invertebrates and vertebrates. |
| What is the significance of invertebrates in general? | They are the biggest group of animals with the most representatives. They inhabit every ecosystem on earth. We interact with them constantly and they have some of the oldest representatives on earth. |
| Why were insects larger millions of years ago? | The oxygen pressure was significantly higher and since they depend on a trachea for respiration they could allow themselves to reach enormous sizes (can't happen today). |
| What are the anthropogenic interactions with invertebrates? | Invertebrates are a direct/indirect food source. They are crucial for pollination and bio-deinfestation. They compete for food, the carry disease and pathogens. |
| What features do we look at when we examine each phylum? | Evolutionary origin, habitat, species richness, morphological and anatomical features, function (eating, digestion, respiration, sensory/nervous, reproduction) how they are adapted to their environment, etc. |
| What is the general scheme of the class's examination? | (From simple to complex): Simple multicellular, diploblastic to triploblastic, development of bilateral symmetry, 2 types of embryonic development and body system development. |
| What is the origin of multicellular organisms? | Endosymbiont theory says that one prokaryote swallowed another producing the first eukaryote and that colonial function led to multicellular organisms. |
| What is the general estimate of the time line of life? | It is estimated that earth is about 4.5 billion years old, the first prokaryotes appeared about 3.5 billion years ago, the unicellular eukaryotes about 1.5 billion years ago and the first multicellular eukaryotes about .5 billion years ago. |
Created by:
YaelNoa
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