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Cell respiration (1)
Bio 2 Lecture 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the initial substrate of glycolysis? | gLucOsE |
| What is the end product of glycolysis? | Pyruvate |
| Where does cellular respiration occur? and what is it? | Occurs in cell which have mitochondria, like protists, plants and animals. It's the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bonds |
| What are the components of the mitochondrion? | There's the inner membrane, the cristae, the intermembrane space, the matric and outer membrane. Cristea and inner membrane have the same structure |
| Recall, what are the 2 mechanisms of ATP production during respiration pathways? | 1)Substrate-level phosphorylation (use ADP and phosphorylated subtrates to make ATP) 2)Chemiosmosis (An electrical gradient of H+ ions use ATP synthase to make ATP) |
| What does cellular respiration begins with? | Begins with glucose from the food we eat :) |
| What does glucose provide? | So glucose provides the source of bond energy and is completely oidized during cellular respiration to O2 and H2O. |
| Recall the Reactants--»Products of cellular respiration | Glucose + Oxygen ---» Carbon dioxide + water + energy |
| What do coenzymes do? | They move energy |
| What are 2 coenzymes involved in cellular respiration? | 1)NAD+ (oxidized formed) 2)FAD (oxidized formed) |
| How much energy will NADH and FADH2 provide? What form are they in? | Both are in the reduced form. NADH will provide energy to make 3 ATP and FADH2 will provide energy to make 2 ATP. |
| What can you say about oxidation? | It's low energy and loses electron |
| What can you say about reduction? | It's higher energy and gains electrons |
| What does FAD and NAD+ reduce to? | Reduce=Gain electron. They reduce to FADH2 and NADH. |
| On a image, recognize oxidation and reduction | Slide 10. On the image of slide 10, NAD+ is reduced to NADH (you know bc you see it gain electrons) and the substrate is getting oxidized (you know bc you see it lose electrons and give them to NAD+). |
| Cellular respiration can be 2 things, what are they? | Aerobic and anaerobic |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Aerobic is when oxygen is present. |
| With aerobic respiration, how many ATP's can be made from one glucose? | 36 ATP from one glucose |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Anaerobic is when there's a shortage of oxygen. |
| With anaerobic respiration, how many ATP's can be made from one glucose? | A net of 2 ATP from one glucose |
| What's another name for anaerobic respiration? | Fermentation |
| Why is anaerobic respiration essential? | It keeps oxygen-requiring organism’s alive until oxygen levels return. Oxygen in cells can get used up fairly quickly when strenuous exercise is done. Replacing oxygen in the cells takes more time that it takes to use it up. |
| Where does anaerobic respiration occur? | In the cytoplasm |
| Anaerobic respiration requires 2 pathways in the cytoplasm, what are they? | 1)Glycolysis supplies pyruvate to fermentation 2)Fermentation recycles NAD+ back to glycolysis |
| Where is the energy founc in glucose? | in the bonds |
| Is glycolysis catabolic or anabolic? | It's catabolic as it removes energy from the initial substrate (glucose) |
| In glycolysis, the initial substrate transforms into the end product, how? | 6 Carbon of glucose is oxidized to 2 or 3 carbon pyruate. |
| What does energy investement steps use? | 2 ATP |
| What does energy harvesting steps make? | 4 ATP and 2 NADH |
| How many steps are required to break down the initial substrate of glycolysis? How many molecules of the end-product are made? | In 10 small steps, it is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate. |
| What are the conditions for glycolysis to proceed? | 1)Glucose is present 2)ADP is present 3)NAD+ must be present 4)Does not need oxygen |
| What are the 2 phases of glycolysis? | There's energy investement (spend energy) and energy harvesting (gain energy). |
| What are the 3 stages of glycolysis? | There's priming, cleavage and oxidation (harvesting with Joan :) |
| What happens in priming? | Priming glucose is the first 3 steps. They prepare (prime) glucose to go through cleavage (6C--»2x3C), which requires 2 ATP molecules. |
| What happens in cleavage? | The 6 carbon sugar is split (cleave) into two 3 carbon sugars. so 6C into 2x3C. The two 3-carbon sugars end up being G3P. |
| What happens in oxidation/harvesting? | Each G3P is oxidized and transfer 2 electrons and 1 proton to NAD+, which forms NADH. There's 2 G3P, so 2 NADH are formed. 4 ATP are made, but 2 are used up in rxn. SO, there's 2 net ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation. G3P rearranged to pyruvate |
| So what are the products of glycolysis in terms of energy? | 2 pyruvates are formed (since the 2 G3P rearranged into pyruvate), 2 ATP net is formed from substrate-level phosphorylation and 2 NADH are formed (each may produce 3 ATP later) |
| Is CO2 released in glycolysis? | None is released in glycolysis |
| What happens the the 2 pyruvates (the end-product)? | Depends on the presence of O2. 1)When absent, pyruvate stays in cytoplasm and enters anaerobic respiration (fermentation) 2)When present, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion for aerobic respiration |
| What are the 2 types of fermentation? | 1) Alcoholic fermentation 2) Lactic acid fermentation |
| Where does alcoholic fermentation happen and what does it produce? | Occurs in yeast and produces ethanol, CO2 nd NAD+. CO2 and ethanol are waste products, while NAD+ is recylced back to keep glycolysis going |
| Where does lactic acid fermentation happen and what does it produce? | Occurs in animals (specially muscles) and produces lactic acid and NAD+. Lactic acid is waste product and NAD+ is recycled back for glycolysis |
| What is the link between glycolysis and fermentation? | NAD+ is an essential reactant needed to keep glycolysis going and fermentation magically regenerates NAD+, which enables glycolysis to keep going :)) *important* |
| [Recap] What's the initial reactant and final product of glycolysis? | Initial is glucose and final is 2 pyruvates |
| [Recap] What's the initial reactant and products of alcoholic fermentation? | Initial is pyruvate and products are ethanol, CO2 and NAD+. Recall NAD+ is recycled and used to keep glycolysis going. |
| [Recap] What's the initial reactant and final product of lactic acid fermentation? | Initial is pyruvate and products are lactate and NAD+. Recall NAD+ is recycled and used to keep glycolysis going. |
| What are the benefits of fermentation? | 1)Fermentation regenerates NAD+, it recycles it back to glycolysis which needs NAD+ 2)Glycolysis produces enough ATP to keep cell alive under anaerobic conditions |
| So, what kind of respiration does glycolysis and fermentation use? | Anaerobic :D so no oxygen msaken |
Created by:
Malayka
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