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Biology Term 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is photosynthesis? | The process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light. |
| How the materials used in photosynthesis are obtained: | Light: Sunlight, absorbed and converted to energy in chlorophyll Carbon Dioxide: Diffuses into leaves from the air Water: Absorbed from the soil by the roots |
| How are the products of photosynthesis used/gotten rid of? | Glucose - used as food for the plant Oxygen - Diffused into the atmosphere by stomata |
| How do plants use glucose? | Breaks down (cellular respiration) for energy Converts to starch/oil and store in the root, stem, seeds, fruits, etc. Used to make cellulose for the cell wall. Glucose -> Sucrose for transportation Combines with minerals to make proteins, etc. |
| Photosynthesis vs Respiration | Photosynthesis: Day, Respiration: Day and Night Photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide in, Oxygen out, Respiration: Oxygen in, Carbon Dioxide out |
| Limiting Factor (Definition) | The environmental factor currently in shortest supply, that restricts/limits the rate of the process |
| Effect of CO2 on photosynthesis | Increase in CO2 leads to increase of rate of photosynthesis, but only till the optimum point, after which something else becomes the limiting factor |
| Effect of temperature on photosynthesis | Photosynthesis is enzyme controlled Enzymes have an optimum temperature Below that temperature enzymes slow Above that temperature enzymes denature Optimum temperature = maximum rate of photosynthesis |
| Effect of light on photosynthesis | Increase in light intensity leads to increase of rate of photosynthesis, but only till the optimum point, after which something else becomes the limiting factor |
| Adaptations of leaves for photosynthesis | Broad+Flat: Large surface area for more light Thin: Short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf Chlorophyll: Traps energy from light Network of veins: Structural support, Xylem in, Pholem out Many stomata: CO2 in, Water vapor + O2 out |
| Structure of a leaf: | Wax cuticle Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis + stoma Wax cuticle |
| Wax cuticle | Waterproofs leaf, prevents escape of water from leaf |
| Upper/lower epidermis | Protective skin of leaf, transparent to let light pass through |
| Palisade mesophyll | Long, columnar, tightly packed, many chloroplasts, photosynthesis |
| Spongy mesophyll | Round, loosely arranged, air spaces for gas exchange, few chloroplasts |
| Vascular bundle | Xylem (thick walls, center of vein, water and mineral ions) + Phloem (thinner walls, outer edge of vein, amino acids and sucrose) |
| Macronutrients (plants) | Nitrogen, Magnesium, NPK |
| Micronutrients (plants) | Iron, copper |
| Nitrogen in plants | Used to make protein Deficiency: Poor/stunted growth Weak stem Yellow lower leaf Pale green upper leaf |
| Magnesium in plants | Used to make chlorophyll Deficiency (chlorosis): Leaves turn yellow (from tip to base) Veins remain green |
| Potassium deficiency | Poor flower/fruit growth |
| Phosphorus deficiency | Poor root growth |
| Larynx | Voice box Vocal chords |
| Trachea | Long flexible tube Held open by cartilaginous rings |
| Bronchus/Bronchi(pl.) | Trachea divides into two small tubes called bronchi that enter each lung |
| Bronchioles | Bronchi on entering the lungs further branch out into minute tubes called bronchioles. End in Alveoli |
| Alveoli | balloon-like structures across which gas exchange takes place |
| Lungs | Large, spongy sac like structures, expandable that are suited for gas exchange and breathing |
| Diaphragm | Sheet of muscles that increase or decrease the volume of thoracic cavity |
| Ribs | Protect the lungs inside thorax. They can move with the help of intercostal muscles, changing size of thoracic cavity and help in breathing |
| Pleural membrane | They cover the lungs enclosing pleural cavity, filled with pleural fluid This protects the lungs from damage due to friction between lungs and rib cage |
| During Expiration: | Rib cage: Down and in Diaphragm: Relaxes and arches Volume decreases, pressure increases Air is pushed out |
| During Inspiration: | Rib cage: Up and out Diaphragm: Contracts and flattens Volume increases, pressure decreases Air is pulled in |
| Adaptations of alveoli for respiration | Millions of Alveoli in the lungs -> increase surface area for gas exchange One cell thick wall -> small distance of diffusion Close association with capillaries -> Easy exchange of O2 and CO2 Moist walls -> gases pass through easily as they dissolve |
| Internal vs External respiration | Internal: Cellular respiration, inside cells, breakdown of glucose for energy, uses oxygen obtained during breathing External: Breathing, outside cells, oxygen <-> carbon dioxide, provides oxygen for internal respiration |
| Types of cellular respiration | Aerobic and anaerobic |
| Aerobic respiration | Complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release large amounts of energy Takes place in mitochondria Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP |
| Anaerobic respiration | Incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to release small amounts of energy Glucose -> Carbon Dioxide + ethanol + energy C6H12O6 -> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + ATP |
| Anaerobic respiration: Yeast | Brewing: Added to fruit juice to ferment sugar, carbon dioxide produced gives fizziness and alcohol produced gives sour taste Baking: Yeast is added to dough, carbon dioxide fills up space in bread and makes it soft, alcohol evaporates in the heat |
| Anaerobic respiration: Muscles | Vigorous activity -> heart can't pump blood to muscles fast enough Muscles use anaerobic respiration Glucose -> Lactic acid + energy C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 + ATP Lactic acid is dissolved by oxygen Lactic acid + Oxygen -> Water + Carbon Dioxide + ATP |
| Ways in which energy released during respiration is used in the body | Mechanical work: Contraction of muscles Chemical work: Kidneys, liver Growth and repair: New cells, tissue repair Anabolism: Making proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc. Body temperature: Maintenance and consistency |
| Excretion | Removal of toxic waste materials, waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), and substances in excess of requirements from our body. |
| Kidney | Filters blood and removes wastes like urea and excrete it out in a liquid form called urine |
| Renal artery and vein | Brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys Carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys |
| Ureters | Tubes which carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| Urinary bladder | Muscular sac like structure which stores urine temporarily until it is expelled out |
| Sphincter | Ring of muscles which keeps bladder closed until urine is expelled |
| Urethra | Tube through which urine is expelled from the body |
| Nephron | The structural and functional units of kidneys Kidneys are made up of millions of nephrons Help in filtering of blood |
| Processes of the nephron | Ultrafiltration, Selective reabsorption, osmoregulation, urine formation |
| Ultrafiltration | Blood: filtered under high pressure (glomerulus) Nearly all substances (water, urea, glucose, vitamins, etc.) filter out of small pores in the capillaries Large molecules (proteins, blood cells) remain in the glomerulus Filtrate -> bowman's capsule |
| Selective reabsorption | Useful substances (glucose, water) get reabsorbed into the blood stream through processes like diffusion, active transport, and osmosis. Only certain substances are reabsorbed Takes place in the first coiled tubule, or the proximal convoluted tubule. |
| Osmoregulation | Maintenance of water balance in the body Loop of Henle helps regulate the water and salt concentration in the blood. |
| Urine formation | Liquid left in the nephron gets collected in the collecting duct (now called urine). Urine contains urea, water, and unwanted substances that flow into the pelvis and the ureter and finally the bladder and urethra. |
| Dialysis | Can filter blood using a machine when kidney fails Chances of infection Frequent hospital visits Patient gets tired |
| Kidney transplant | Organ rejection: patient treats the kidney as foreign and attacks it This problem can be overcome using immuno suppressive drugs Patient will then become immunocompromised (more prone to infection) and needs to be completely isolated |
Created by:
koala25
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