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Cells and Structures
Cell Vocabulary from Life Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic. |
| Microscope | an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified several hundred times. |
| Cell Theory | A theory in biology that includes one or both of the statements that the cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living matter and that the organism is composed of autonomous cells with its properties being the sum of those of its cells. |
| Cell Membrane | The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment (protects things from entering or leaving unless nessecary |
| Nucleus | A nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes. Pores in the nuclear membrane allow for the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus (also known as the brain of the cell.) |
| Organelle | any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell |
| Ribosome | a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. |
| Nucleic Acid | a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain |
| Selectively Permeable | Selectively permeable means a membrane allows the passage of some molecules or ions and inhibits the passage of others. The capacity to filter molecular transport in this manner is called selective permeability |
| Osmosis | a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane |
| Cytoplasm | the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus |
| Mitochondria | an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae). |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport. |
| Chloroplast | (in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. |
| Lysosome | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane |
| Multicellular | an organism having many cells |
| Unicellular | an organism having one cell only |
| DNA | a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. |
| Passive Transport | Passive transport is defined as movement of a solute from a region of high electrochemical potential on one side of the cell membrane to a region of lower electrochemical potential on the opposite side |
| Active Transport | Active transport is the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy. |
| Tissue | Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix, fills the spaces between the cells. |
| Organ | In biology, an organ (from the Latin "organum" meaning an instrument or tool) is a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function. Your heart, kidneys, and lungs are examples of organs. |
| Organ System | An organ system is defined as a group of organs that work together to perform bodily functions. For example, the organs in the gastrointestinal (GI) system each play a unique, important role in food digestion. |
| Element | A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with an identical number of protons |
| Compound | A unique type of substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together. |
| Lipid | A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water |
| Protein | A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds. |
| Enzyme | An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process |
| Double Helix | Double helix is the description of the structure of a DNA molecule. A DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind around each other like a twisted ladder |
| Diffusion | The process resulting from random motion of molecules by which there is a net flow of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| Endocytosis | The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. |
| Cell Wall | the usually rigid nonliving permeable wall that surrounds the plasma membrane and encloses and supports the cells of most plants |
| Exocytosis | the taking OUT of matter by a living cell also using energy |
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