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BIO CH 13 SEC 2-3

Biology Chapter 13 Section 2 and 3

TermDefinition
genetic engineering technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA (the DNA of another organism).
genome is the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell.
restriction enzyme proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence. Also called an endonuclease (en doh NEW klee ayz), cuts the viral DNA into fragments after it enters the bacteria.
gel electrophoresis Where an electric current is used to separate the DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments.
recombinant DNA When DNA fragments have been separated by gel electrophoresis, fragments of a specific size can be removed from the gel and combined with DNA fragments from another source.
plasmid Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast cells—can be used as vectors because they can be cut with restriction enzymes.
DNA ligase An enzyme normally used by cells in DNA repair and replication.
transformation Where bacterial cells can be transformed using electric pulsation or heat.
cloning Where the bacterial cells make copies of the recombinant plasmid DNA during cell replication. Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules,
polymerase chain reaction A technique which can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.
transgenic organism Where organisms are genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.
DNA fingerprinting Involves separating these DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.
bioinformatics Involves creating and maintaining databases of biological information.
DNA microarray Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments.
single nucleotide polymorphism Where there are some variations that are linked to human diseases. These variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered
haplotype Regions of linked variations in the human genome.
pharmacogenomics The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs.
gene therapy A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases.
genomics the study of an organism’s genome.
proteomics The large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body.
Created by: Mr. Bryant
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