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Physiology Week 1-7
Physiology Class Weeks 1 through 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | The mechanisms involved in the maintenance of a stable, internal environment. The body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment. |
| Afferent pathway | The nerve pathway sending an electrochemical message from the receptors to the control center (hypothalamus of brain). |
| Efferent Pathway | The nerve pathway sending an electrochemical message from the control center (hypothalamus of brain) to the effectors (muscles and glands). |
| Effectors | Muscles or glands that receive a message from the control center and produce a desired EFFECT. Ex: produce sweat that allows water to evaporate from the surface of the skin and cool the body. |
| Macromolecule | A very LARGE organic molecule, usually a polymer. |
| Polymer | A large molecule formed by many repeating monomers. |
| Monomer | A smaller unit that is the BUILDING BLOCK of a polymer. |
| Protein | macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body. |
| Amino Acid | The monomer/building block for proteins. |
| Enzyme | A specialized protein that catalyzes (speeds up) the chemical reactions of a cell. |
| Monosaccharide | The building block of a carbohydrate; a single sugar. Ex. Glucose, Ribose |
| Disaccharide | A molecule formed by joining TWO monosaccharides through a dehydration synthesis; Ex. Sucrose (table sugar), and Lactose. |
| Polysaccharide | A polymer of 3 or more monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. Ex. Starch, Cellulose |
| Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the REMOVAL of a water molecule. |
| Phospholipid | A lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids; Consists of a hydrophilic polar head and two hydrophobic non-polar tails; forms cell membranes. |
| Atrophy | a decrease in cell size |
| Hypertrophy | Increase in cell size. Also an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass. |
| Acute cell injury | Cell cannot maintain homeostasis |
| Effects of hypoxic injury on pH | When cell is deprived of oxygen, it cannot move end products (lactic acid) out of cell. As lactic acid builds up, pH lowers. This alters reactions, the cell membrane, causes chromatin clumping and cell shrinkage. |
| Endocytosis | Large molecules are brought into the cell (proteins, microorganisms, cellular debris, neutrophils) |
| Exocytosis | Vesicles fuse with the membrane and releases contents to interstitial fluid (histamine, viruses) |
| What are both ends of a long bone called? | Epiphyses |
| What is the Epiphyses' shape and what is it made of? | -Bulbous shape -Made of cancellous bone filled with marrow |
| What is the function of the Epiphyses? | -Provide attachments for muscles -Give stability to joints |
| What does the Periosteum anchor to the bone? | Tendons |
| What does the medulary cavity contain in adults and in children/infants? | Adults- Yellow marrow Children/infants- Red marrow |
Created by:
nisha542
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