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Pediatrics. Ch 23
Meningitis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges |
| What are meninges | Covering of the brain and spinal cord |
| What causes meningitis | Organism invasion - Indirectly by way of the bloodstream (sepsis) from centers of infection such as teeth, sinuses, tonsils, lungs – Directly through the ear or fractured skull |
| What are the types of meningitis | Bacterial, Viral |
| What is purulent meningitis | Bacterial – Pus forming |
| When is bacterial meningitis most common | 6 – 12 months |
| Which type of meningitis is most readily transmitted to others | Meningococcal/Bacterial |
| What is the most common causative agent for meningitis | H influenza |
| What causes the symptoms of purulent meningitis | Intracranial irritation |
| What usually precedes the symptoms of meningitis | Upper respiratory infection, Several days of gastrointestinal symptoms such as poor feeding |
| What are the significant symptoms of meningitis | Headache, Drowsiness, Delirium, Irritability, Restlessness, Fever, Vomiting, Nuchal rigidity, High pitched cry, Convulsions, Opisthotonic positioning, Petechia |
| What is petechia | Small hemorrhages beneath the skin |
| What does petechia suggest | Meningococcal meningitis |
| How is diagnosis of meningitis confirmed | Cerebrospinal fluid exam |
| What is performed at the first indication of meningitis | Spinal tap/Lumbar puncture |
| What cerebrospinal fluid characteristic suggests meningitis | May be clear at first, but soon turns cloudy |
| What lab findings indicate meningitis | Cloudy CSF, High white cell count, Increased protein, Decreased glucose |
| How long must a child with meningitis be isolated | 24 hours after antibiotics started |
| How are antibiotics selected | Culture and sensitivity test |
| How long are antibiotics prescribed for meningitis patients | Minimum 10 – 14 days |
| Besides antibiotics, what may be prescribed to a patient with meningitis | Sedative to make the child less restless, Anticonvulsant (Phenytoin/Dilantin) to decrease seizure activity |
| How should the environment of a child with meningitis be altered | Low stimulation |
| What symptoms might indicate increased ICP in a patient with meningitis | Slowed pulse, Irregular respirations, Increased blood pressure, Change in alertness, Muscle twitching |
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