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Microbiology
Exam 1
| Question/Term | Answer/Definition |
|---|---|
| Non-Sporulating Cells | Can't make endospores or is not starving |
| Sporulating Cells | Making an endospore |
| What reagents are used to dye a cell green? | Malachite Green |
| What is reagent is used to dye a cell red? | Safranin |
| What two shapes can an endospore be? | Elliptical or Spherical |
| What two positions can an endospore be in an organism? | Terminal or Central |
| What is used to destain in the endospore staining process? | Water(H2O) |
| What is a active healthy cell called? | A Vegetative Cell |
| Why is the stain "Kinyoun's Carbol Fuchsin" used t dye cells and for what specific stain is it used? | -This dye is used because it is a super strong stain that can penetrate very thick cell walls and resists destaining even in acid. -This stain is used in the Acid-Fast Stain. |
| Why does the KOH make a thin cell walled organism create viscous (snot)? | -The KOH reacts with the cell wall and explodes it unleashing the DNA inside to create a viscous solution. |
| StudentA's gram stain shows that the cells that were given to them are pink but the KOH doesn't create a viscous solution. What does this data tell StudentA? | StudentA probably has an old sample and needs to get a new one in order to get an accurate Gram Stain. |
| StudentB leaves the decolorizing agent on too long, but continues to finish their gram stain. What color are the cells on StudentB's slide and why? | All the cells are pink because any purple cells would have become decolorized and then died with the safranin to be pink. |
| microbiology | The study of organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
| microorganism | organisms too small to see |
| Taxonomy | a standard system to name and classify organisms based off morphology and physiology. Naming in latin. |
| pontaneous generation (abiogenesis) | (Creating life from something that is not life)-Organisms arise from non-living matter |
| biogenesis | All living things, regardless of small or big, come from other living things. Life from life. |
| etiology | The cause, set of causes, or matter of causation of a disease or condition. Study of the cause of a disease. |
| germ theory | Microorganisms are responsible for disease. A particular disease has specific symptoms and is caused by a specific disease. |
| pathogen | |
| fermentation | The conversion of sugar into alcohol or some other waste product(CO2 or acid). |
| pasteurization | Heat long enough to kill most of the bacteria and then add yeast |
| bioremediation | |
| Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek? | -A Dutch fabric merchant who began making small eyelense. -He studied pond water and found "Wee Animalcules". -He made drawings and documented his findings -sent his findings to royal society of London -The first to view microbes |
| What types of microbes did Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek see? | -Prokaryotes, Fungi, Protozoa, algae, small animals |
| What two things did Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek do that was so important to the field of microbiology | -Documented his findings - |
| Who was Carolus Linneaus? | -A sweetish botanist, problem with sharing ideas -Creates a standardized system for naming organisms known as taxonomy -naming all organisms with a Genus and a specific epithet EX: Staphylococcus aureus |
| Know how to correctly write out the Genus and specific epithet of an organism | -If hand writing, underline them, if typing them then italics. -Genus need to be capitalized and specific epithet needs to be lowercased |
| What are the 3 Domains of life? | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| What four questions were scientists trying to answer during the “Golden Age” of Microbiology? | -Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? -What causes fermentation? -What causes disease? -How can we prevent infection and disease? |
| The Spontaneous Generation debate | Started by Aristotle, continued until Louis Pasteur about 200 years later where it was proven false. |
| What’s the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? | A hypothesis is a guess of what you think vs a theory that has data, evidence, and behind a doubt proof. |
| Louis Pasteur | Knows microbes convert grape juice to alcohol. 1. knows two types of microbes are in the wine: yeast and bacteria 2. is |
| Describe Koch’s postulates | 1.A suspected causing agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts 2.the agent must be isolated and grown outside the host 3.if the agent is introduced in a healthy host, that individual must get the disease |
| What else did Robert Koch do for Microbiology | -discovered anthrax, Bacillus anthracis -discovered bacterium for teberculosis -using petrydishes Using a loop Using aseptic tequ Bacteria as distinct species -studied disease |
| Richard Petri? | The dish |
| Fanny Hess | Use agar to make medium solid |
| Hans Christian Gram | |
| medical practices, hospitals, water supply | |
| Describe contributions of Semmelweis, Lister, Nightengale, and Snow | |
| What did Edward Jenner do? | |
| Paul Erlich had a good idea. What was he looking for? | |
| Alexander Fleming made a discovery that changed medicine forever. What was it? | |
| What types of things do modern microbiologists study? | |
| atom | |
| molecule | |
| compound | |
| element | |
| dehydration synthesi | |
| hydrolysis | |
| inorganic | |
| organic | |
| hydrophobic | |
| hydrophilic | |
| What are the elements commonly found in living organisms? | |
| Compare/Contrast ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds. Weakest? strongest? | |
| Compare/contrast polar & non-polar covalent bonds | |
| electronegativity | |
| how does electronegativity affect a covalent bond? | |
| Know the unique properties of water | |
| dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis | |
| hydroxyl | |
| amino | |
| carboxyl | |
| sulfhydryl, | |
| phosphate | |
| What is a macromolecule? | |
| What are the four types of macromolecules? | |
| Carbohydrate: Subunits? | |
| Carbohydrate: What are the bonds that hold subunits together? | |
| Carbohydrate: where do you find it? | |
| Carbohydrate: What does it do? | |
| Carbohydrate: What elements make it up? | |
| Protein: What does it do? | |
| Protein: What are the bonds that hold subunits together? | |
| Protein: subunit? | |
| Protein : Where do you find it? | |
| Protein: what elements make it up? | |
| Lipids: Subunits? | |
| Lipids: What are the bonds that hold subunits together? | |
| Lipids: Where do you find it? | |
| Lipids: What does it do? | |
| Lipids: What elements make it up? | |
| Nucleic Acids: Subunits? | |
| Nucleic Acids: Where do you find it? | |
| Nucleic Acids: What are the bonds that hold the subunits together? | |
| Nucleic Acids: What does it do? | |
| Nucleic Acids: What elements make it up? | |
| Why do phospholipids form membranes? | |
| Describe the 4 levels of protein structure | |
| Contrast DNA and RNA | |
| Compare DNA and RNA | |
| Bacteria | Cellular prokaryotes, no membrane bound nucleus |
| Archaea | -Cellular prokaryotes, no membrane bound nucleus -Very divers metabolically -Very diverse in habitat |
| Eukarya | Cellular Eukaryotes, True- nucleus/ has membrane bound nucleus (Ex: plants, animals, fungi, and protists) |
| Acellular microbes | not alive (Viruses, Virions, Prions) |
| Polymer | Made of many monomers linked together through covalent bonds |
| Be able to tell me which end is 5’ and 3’ | |
| -Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? | -Aristotle, made observations that if you look at river beads you have lots of water and when you have lots of water you have lots of life. When water dries up the life dies. -With correct circumstances, then things will automatically be created |
| Francesco Redi (Italy) | -spontaneous generation experiment 1. Leaves one piece of meet out in a jar 2. leaves another piece of meat in a cork sealed jar 3. Leaves another piece of meat in a jar with cheese cloth over it. -Conclusion: flies come from other flies |
| John Turberville Needham (English) | Belief: Big things non-spontaneously generate, small things do 1. created broth from meat and plants put it in a bottle with a cork in it and waited 2. Microbes grew Conclusion: spontaneous generation of microbes |
| Lazzaro Spillanzani | Same experiment as John Turberville but: -Longer boiling time -melted glass to close top to create sealed container Conclusion: no spontaneous generation because nothing grew |
| Lazzaro Spillanzani critics | -He boiled too long and killed the "life force" -He sealed the container from air and nothing can survive without air |
| Louis Pasteur (France) | -Disprove spontaneous generation or prove it 1. Glass flask with long neck, with same broth as Needham and Spillansani. 2. Bent the glass neck with heat into a swan-neck flask. 3. shorter boiling time; nothing grew 4. tipped glass and microbes grew |
| Louis Pasteur disproved what? | Spontaneous generation |
Created by:
jozefen
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