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Using ATP
Bio 2 Lecture 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is phosphorylation? | It's the ATP giving up its phosphate group for it to bind to a molecule like a protein (like in the Na+ k+ pump) |
| Is ATP stable? Why? | No, it's highly unstable because of the terminal negative phosphate group that is extremely unstable and full of energy |
| Why is energy required to hold negative phosphates together? | The negative phosphates (PO4-) repel so energy is needed to keep them together |
| What happens when the unstable bond between the terminal PO4- is broken? | Lots of energy released. (Careful: It's only the terminal PO4-!!). Basically when you break the bond of the terminal phosphate group, you release lots of energy. |
| What are the 2 ways ATP can be made by cells? | 1)Substrate-level phosphorylation 2)Oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) Basically one that involves chemical coupling with an intermediate bound to phosphate and another that relies on an electrochemical gradient of proton |
| What do exergonic reaction do in the ATP cycle? | An exergonic reaction releases energy and a phosphate during dephosphorylation. The phosphate can be picked up by ADP to form ATP which then powers an endergonic reaction. |
| Example of exergonic reactions | Cell respiration and Catabolism (releases energy) |
| Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is exergonic or endergonic? | Exergonic (releases energy) |
| Examples of endogernic reactions | Active transport, cell movement and anabolism require energy :) |
| Synthesis of ATP from ADP is exergonic or endergonic? | Endogernic (energy is required) |
| We saw 2 ways of generating ATP, explain substrate-level phosphorylation. | A phosphate is donated from a substrate in a pathway and picked up by a nearby ADP to make ATP. Occurs everywhere in the cell |
| We saw 2 ways of generating ATP, explain oxidative phosporylation. | Uses ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP from ADP; requires a H-ion gradient (proton motor force (PMF)) generated by an electron transport chain in mitochondria. The H-ions are packed with energy pass through high to low concentration through a carrier |
| Why is oxidative phosphorylation oxidative? :) | It is oxidative because the generation of the hydrogen ion requires a coenzyme to give up electrons. |
| What process generates the most ATP? | With oxidative phosphorylation with cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Recall that cellular respiration is exergonic (releases energy) |
| What are the 3 components of ATP? | 1)5-carbon sugar, ribose 2)Adenine (organic molecule) 3)Chain of 3 phosphates |
| So how does ATP store energy? | Answer lies in the terminal phosphate group. Their unstable bonds holding the phosphates together in the ATP have a low EA and are easily broken by hydrolysis. This rxn is exergonic and releases energy that can be used to perform work. |
| How are endergonic rxn's supplied in energy? | The energy released by hydrolysis of ATP can supply the energy needed by the endergonic rxn! Bc the ATP hydrolysis releases more enrgy than the other rxn's consume, so left over ouii |
| How is the ATP cycle continuous? | Cells make and use ATP cyclically; Cells use exergonic reactions to provide energy to synthesize ATP from ADP+P; they then use the hydrolysis of ATP to provide energy to drive endergonic processes. |
| What is phosphorylation? How does it destabilizes a molecule? | It's the binding of a terminal phosphate from ATP to a molecule. It destabilizes the molecule by changing its shape. |
| What is dephosphorylation? How does it destabilizes a molecule? | It's when the molecule releases the phosphate groups. Again, causes a shape change |
| What does the changing shape enables? | The changing shape enables work to be done. |
| How does ATP/ADP does work? :) | ATP/ADP does work by causing molecules to undergo a shape change when ATP gives up a phosphate or when ADP picks up a phosphate. So either phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. |
| How can you represent substrate-level phosphorylation in formula form? (Chem format :) | ADP + substrate-P --(enzyme)--» ATP+ Product |
| How is ATP made with substrate-level phosphrylation? | En gros the enzyme and ADP are added together and convert into ATP. SO the phosphorylated substrate and the ADP binds to an enzyme. The substrate donates a P to ADP, which converts it into ATP! |
| How is ATP made with oxidative phosphrylation? | *See visuals notebook!* 1)Hydrogen carriers release high energy electrons (oxidation) 2)Transport chain uses electrons to move H+ ions out of matrix 3)H+ ions return to matrix via ATP synthase (chemiosmosis) |
| Where can chemiosmosis happen? | In mitochondria and and chloroplast. In mitochondria, most of the cells' ATP is made this way. In chloroplast, the ATP is dedicated to making sugar. |
| How is sugar made in the chloroplast? | By carbon-fixation during photosynthesis |
| Identify the parts of the mitochondria | :DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD |
| What is a proton motive force (or electrochemical gradient) and what creates it? | It's energy generated by the transfer of proton or electron accross a membrane (can be used for work). It's created by the accumulation of H+ ions in the intermembrane space |
| How is the energy released by ATP hydrolysis used to power other reactions in a cell? | Cells use rxn coupling, where energetically favorable rxn (like ATP hydrolysis) is directly linked with energetically unfavorable (ender.) rxn. Linking happens through shared intermediate, so a product of 1 rxn is picked up and used as reactant in 2nd rxn |
| What is a energically favourable rxn? | A rxn that releases energy, so exergonic |
| So how is the release of ATP taken advantage of in coupled pathways? | Energy (ATP) is released during a catabolic pathway such as glycolysis, and that released ATP is used by a neighboring anabolic pathway to build molecules such as in protein synthesis |
| ATP From Catabolic Pathway is used to Drive what? | ATP From Catabolic Pathway Used to Drive Anabolic Pathways |
| Give an example of a rxn that uses ATP from catabolic pathway to drive anabolic pathway | The energy released during the catabolism of glucose can be used to provide energy to the anabolic pathway of protein synthesis |
| Recall what is catabolism and anabolism | Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler one. |
Created by:
Malayka
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